How to Read an SDS: A Simple Guide for Safer Workplaces

Understanding how to read an SDS (safety data sheet) is a must for every workplace where chemicals are present. An SDS, formerly known as a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), is a standardized document required by OSHA that provides detailed information about the hazards, handling, storage, and emergency measures related to chemical products. This guide will help you learn how to read a safety data sheet, ensuring you and your coworkers remain safe.

What Is an SDS and Why Is It Important?

A safety data sheet is a complete document that details the properties, hazards, and safety precautions for chemicals used in the workplace. Knowing how to read a safety data sheet empowers workers to identify risks, take preventive measures, respond effectively during emergencies and comply with OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). Every employee who handles chemicals should be familiar with the SDS for each product they use.

The Standard 16-Section SDS Format

OSHA requires that all SDSs in the United States follow a strict 16-section format. Here’s what each section covers and what you should look for:

*Sections 12–15 are included for consistency with international standards but are not enforced by OSHA.

A Simple Guide to Reading an SDS

1. Confirm the Product Details (Section 1 - Identification)

Begin by confirming that you have the correct SDS for the product you’re using. This section lists the product name, the manufacturer or supplier, recommended uses, and emergency contact information. Always double-check this before proceeding.

2. Identify Hazards (Section 2 - Hazard Identification)

This is where you’ll find a summary of the chemical’s dangers. Look for hazard classifications, pictograms (like flame or skull icons), signal words such as Warning or Danger, and specific hazard statements. This section gives you an at-a-glance understanding of the risks involved.

3. Understand What’s Inside (Section 3 - Composition/Information on Ingredients)

This section breaks down the chemical composition. You’ll see ingredient names, CAS numbers, and concentrations. This information is especially important during medical emergencies or exposure incidents.

4. Learn Emergency First Aid Steps (Section 4 - First Aid Measures)

If exposure occurs, this section tells you what to do. It outlines first aid responses for skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion. These instructions can make a critical difference in how quickly and effectively a situation is handled.

5. Prepare for Fire Incidents (Section 5 - Firefighting Measures)

Know what to do if the chemical catches fire. This section covers suitable extinguishing methods, special firefighting equipment, and hazards to expect during combustion.

6. Know What to Do in Case of a Spill (Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures)

Spills can be dangerous if not managed properly. This section outlines how to safely contain and clean up a chemical release, and what protective equipment should be used.

7. Store and Handle the Product Safely (Section 7 - Handling and Storage)

Here you’ll find guidance on safe handling techniques, conditions to avoid, and proper storage practices. Following this section helps minimize risks in everyday use.

8. Use the Right Protective Equipment (Section 8 - Exposure Controls/Personal Protection)

Understand the recommended personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, or respirators. This section also includes exposure limits and advice on ventilation or engineering controls.

9. Know the Chemical’s Characteristics (Section 9 - Physical and Chemical Properties)

This section describes the product’s physical state, color, odor, boiling point, flammability, vapor pressure, and more. Understanding these properties helps assess how the chemical behaves under different conditions.

10. Prevent Reactions (Section 10 – Stability and Reactivity)

This section warns you about conditions or materials that could cause the chemical to react dangerously. It also lists signs of instability and products of decomposition.

11. Understand Health Effects (Section 11 - Toxicological Information)

Learn about the symptoms of exposure, possible health effects, routes of entry into the body, and toxicity levels. Both short-term and long-term risks are detailed here.

12. Check Environmental, Disposal, Transport, and Regulatory Details (Section 12-15)

These sections provide guidance on environmental impact, safe disposal, transportation, and applicable regulations. They are non-mandatory under OSHA but may still be included for reference. [See here]

13. Reference Other Information (Section 16 - Other Information)

Note the date of the SDS and any additional information provided. Always use the most recent version available.

How to Read a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) vs. a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

While the 16-section SDS is now standard globally, you might still encounter older Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The key difference is the standardized format. The transition from MSDS to SDS also brought changes to the content and terminology. For instance, substances previously labeled as "controlled products" on MSDS are now referred to as "hazardous products" on SDS. MSDSs varied greatly in their section order and content, making them harder to navigate consistently. If you encounter an MSDS, you'll still be looking for similar information (hazards, first aid, handling), but you might need to search through the document more thoroughly to find it, as there's no guaranteed order of information. Learning how to read an SDS is generally easier due to its consistent structure.

Making SDSs Part of Everyday Chemical Safety

To keep your workplace safe and compliant, it’s important to use safety data sheets as part of your daily routine. Always read the SDS before working with a new chemical so you understand how to handle it safely. Make sure all employees can easily access SDSs wherever chemicals are used. This means having them available both on a computer and in print if needed. Train your team so everyone knows how to read and understand the information in each SDS. Use these documents during safety checks, risk assessments, and emergency drills to make sure everyone is prepared. It’s also important to keep your SDSs up to date, especially when products change or new regulations come into effect. These practices help protect your team and support a safer, more informed workplace.