None

Environmental hazards

51 12 Mitigation 46 13-14 Climate change adaptation 45 13-14 Environmental policy 45 15 Climate change mitigation 44 16 Greenhouse gas emissions 41 17 Carbon tax 40 18-19 Food security 39 18-19 Sustainable development 39 20-21 Climate change policy 38 20-21 Ecosystem services 38 22 Carbon sequestration 37 23-24 Resilience 36 23-24 Vulnerability 36 25-27 Africa 34 25-27 Cost-benefit analysis 34 25-27 Discounting 34 28 Economic growth 33 29-31 Deforestation 32 29-31 Fisheries 32 29-31 Risk 32 If we consider the list of the most used keywords and we look at their co-occurrences network (Figure 6), i.e. how often keywords co-occur in the same document’s abstract, we can detect two peculiar groups (groups have been created by using the Louvain cluster method). One characterized by blue node keywords such as “carbon tax”, “China”, “climate change policy”, “climate policy”, “greenhouse gas emissions”, “energy”, “environment”, “innovation”, and “renewable energy”; and another peripheral group defined by green node keywords such as “carbon sequestration”, “climate change adaptation”, “climate change mitigation”, “deforestation”, “ecosystem services”, “food security”, and “resilience”. The former indicates the presence of a strong interrelation between documents focusing on policy-making, innovation, and energetic issues. The inclusion of the keyword “China” is illustrative of the policy initiatives of this country, which concentrate on energy saving and pollution reduction (Ye Qi et al., 2008); on the other hand, the latter highlights that hard-science keywords linked to biology and agriculture tend to cluster together, while at the same time they are linked to keywords relating to adaptation and mitigation measures. Figure 6: Keyword co-occurrences. Note: nodes are proportional to the number of documents associated to each keyword; tie strength relates to the number of co- occurrences between keywords. The next step consisted of conducting an extended content analysis of the literature themes, using authors’ keywords associated with each document for detecting conceptual structures and thematic clusters. The analysis of the conceptual structure (Figure 7) contributes to a better understanding of the most investigated themes in the literature, which are included in the largest clusters. By applying a joint MCA and cluster analysis, we found seven clusters, where the majority of keywords are included in four clusters. In comparison, the other three additional clusters include only a few keywords. Figure 7 illustrates the variance explained by the MCA's first two dimensions: with a value greater than 48%, these dimensions explain the largest share of variance of the whole dataset. The largest cluster (in green) includes the largest number of keywords included in the literature. These keywords are heterogeneous and cover a wide range of themes, with a prevalence of those related to socio-economic disciplines, such as “economic growth”, “willingness to pay”, “carbon tax”, “carbon pricing”, “governance”, and “international trade”, but also natural sciences-based keywords such as “greenhouse gas emission”, “deforestation”, and “carbon sequestration”. A second cluster, represented in orange on the right side of the figure, includes keywords related to the mitigation approach through technological innovation, such as “energy efficiency”, “technological change”, “carbon emissions”, and “renewable energy”. This confirms the presence of consistent, and sometimes controversial, literature focused on the role of technological innovation to mitigate the consequences of climate change (Kallis and Bliss, 2019; Sconfienza, 2019; Symons and Karlsson, 2018). The third most relevant cluster (in pink, at the bottom of the figure) includes keywords related to climate change adaptation through the implementation of ecosystem services and the support of biodiversity. “Africa”, “food security”, and “resilience” are also part of this cluster, which demonstrates the literature’s interest for the impact of food policies and the development of ecosystem services also in Africa, especially those related to food security in rural areas(Ahmed, 2020; Davies et al., 2020; Leal Filho et al., 2021; Santarém et al., 2021). Another cluster includes keywords related to analytical methods (the purple cluster at the top of the figure), such as “discounting”, “cost-benefit analysis”, and “integrated assessment”. The remaining four clusters can be considered niche clusters. Still, it is interesting that the “climate change” keyword (belonging to the red cluster) is not included in one of the major clusters. Apparently, there is a sort of mismatch between the green and the red cluster because they are proximate but not merged as expected. Moreover, another mismatch is visible between the pink cluster and the blue cluster. The latter includes keywords related to agriculture and adaptation in African countries (“Ethiopia” is one of the keywords highlighted here), which overlap the themes to which are related the keywords of the former. Indeed, Ethiopia is a relevant case study country because of the nexus between agriculture, vulnerability, and adaptation strategies because of its governments’ food-related policies (Shikur, 2020). Figure 7. Conceptual structure. Figure 8 (Strategic Diagram) illustrates the results from the thematic analysis. The identification of thematic clusters was based on the author’s keywords observed at least five times in the documents. The diameter of the bubbles depicted in Figure 10 is directly proportional to the number of documents included in the thematic cluster. The themes have been plotted according to the Callon’s centrality scores, which define the relevance of the topics, and their density scores, describing the degree of development of the literature themes (Cahlik, 2000; Cobo et al., 2011a, 2011b). The combination of centrality and density scores allows defining the thematic clusters’ position in the overall literature debate. Namely, low scores of centrality and density determine the emerging or declining themes, depending on their evolution over time, that are not still (or anymore) central in the research field. Low density score and high centrality score identify the basic themes which are discussed in the considered documents. High density scores and low centrality scores define niche themes discussed in a significant minority of documents with a limited impact on the overall discussion. Finally, high scores for density and centrality identify the motor themes well developed within the discussion. We have identified seven different clusters, labelled by the most frequent keywords (the complete list of keywords is available upon request). The emerging themes, represented in the lower left quadrant, are collected within two clusters, identified by the “sustainability” and “climate policy” keywords. The low centrality of the two clusters is probably due to recent development within the economics literature. The niche themes, represented in the upper left quadrant, belong to a small cluster identified by the “climate change adaptation” keyword. As for the emerging themes, climate change adaptation is, as anticipated in previous sections, a relatively recent theme (Javeline, 2014), but it presents a higher level of development. Together with the positioning of the cluster in the strategic diagram, these two aspects allow identifying this theme as well developed in terms of internal ties, but with a low number of connections with other themes. The basic themes central in the debate but still undeveloped, are represented in the lower right quadrant of Figure 10 by the “energy” cluster. Energy- related issues are deeply discussed in hard sciences. Their discussion in the socio-economic literature is relatively recent and can be linked to the emergence of an eco-modernist approach (Asafu-Adjaye et al., 2015; Sagoff, 2018). So, this could be the reason for the low development of this cluster. Finally, those themes with a higher stage of development and which are more central in the literature are represented in the upper right quadrant. They are identified by clusters defined by the keywords “climate change” and “China”. Regarding the former, this result indicates that the most consolidated themes discussed in the literature have a quite generalist nature since the keyword “climate change” relates to different fields, both from the socio-economic sciences and the natural sciences. On the other hand, the cluster “China” shows that the literature on emissions reduction has concentrated on the Chinese context in the last years. This country is considered the major global contributor to CO2 emissions alongside the US. This situation has led to the increasing relevance of the studies concerning this Asian country (Friedlingstein et al., 2020). Figure 8. Strategic Diagram of thematic clusters. The analysis of the thematic evolution (Figure 9) describes the progress over time of the themes explored within the documents included in this analysis and shed light on the direction taken by the climate change literature over the years. The study of the thematic evolution allows describing the tendencies of themes to converge or diverge over time, revealing the persistence of specific themes in different periods and the emergence of new thematic clusters (Aria and Cuccurullo, 2017; Cobo et al., 2011a). In this analysis, we focused on the three different periods, divided by the 2005 and 2014 cut-off years, that were identified in section 3 through our inspection of the trend of the climate change-related publications in the set of journals under investigation. Figure 9: Thematic evolution. In the first time slice, going from 1974 to 2005, we identified the predominance of themes related to the natural sciences and the technological domain. Indeed, only three themes out of the ten identified, labelled using the keywords “carbon tax”, “equity”, and “climate policy” can be strictly linked to the socio-economic and political domain. The second period, going from 2006 to 2014, shows the emergence of new themes, and the confluence of the old ones into the new ones. The persistent thematic clusters are “climate change” and “climate policy”, which register the confluence of documents focusing on themes such as “climate policy”, “carbon tax”, “greenhouse gases”, “equity”, and “global climate change”. The emerging themes include topics like “food security”, “agriculture”, “energy”, “China”, and “developing countries”. The last period, going from 2015 to 2021, is characterized by the persistence of themes identified by the keywords “climate policy”, “climate change”, and “food security”. Among the new themes, we identify those related to “climate change policy” (deriving from “climate policy”), “sustainability” (deriving from “China”, “energy”, and “climate change”), “climate change adaptation”, and “Africa” (deriving from “developing countries”, “agriculture”, and “climate change”). 4. Conclusions In this work, we applied a bibliometric approach to assessing the relevance of climate change in the economic literature of the last five decades. On the one hand, the method for selecting the documents to be considered in our analysis brings out the most recognized titles in the field of environmental economics (e.g., Ecological Economics, Environmental and Resource Economics, the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management) as the natural space for the debate on climate change. Among these journals, it emerges the presence of more sectoral journals focusing on energy issues (e.g., Energy Economics and Resource and Energy Economics), an aspect that in economics is strongly associated with climate change (Dell et al., 2014). On the other hand, the analysis highlights the low diffusion of a debate on these issues among FT50 titles, apart from the Journal of Business Ethics, whose attention for climate change attests to the environment's perception as an ethical issue by economic science (Crane et al., 2019). The American Economic Review, which published 22 documents on climate change from 1982 to 2019, and almost a quarter of them are due to William Nordhaus, who received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018 for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis. Considering 1974-2021 as a time span allows understanding how the perception and the study of climate change in economics modified over time. In this vein, it must be highlighted a parallel between scientific production and international policy-related events. Such a parallel is visible when looking at the continuous increase in the number of documents published from 1992, the year of Rio’s Earth summit, with a first acceleration around 2005 (when the Kyoto Protocol became operational after Russia’s ratification), and a second one around 2014, when the prospect of the Paris Agreement of December 2015 became progressively more effective. Our results show that the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany are the most productive countries in terms of scientific production, thus authors from these countries do not have the same attitude to collaborating internationally. Moreover, China is emerging as a leading country on climate change research. Its global relevance is reflected by the fact that “China” is amongst the 10 most quoted keywords in the examined documents. There is also another geographical keyword emerging from the analysis: “Africa”. This result confirms the historically established focus of the scientific community on this continent because, despite African countries are low emitters of greenhouse gases, they are suffering from the adverse effects of climate change more than other countries from the global north (Low 2005). However, we have not found a sound collaboration network from authors based in African countries; this finding confirms an aspect recently discussed in the scientific literature: the lack of resources for investigating climate change in these countries (Hendrix 2017). Finally, we have detected a change of themes within the climate change literature over time. In this perspective, we can identify three different phases: a pioneering one (1974-2005), with debated themes primarily focusing on aspects related to the natural sciences. In the central period (2006-2014), debated themes grow noticeably, emphasizing analytical instruments such as economic modeling and methodologic approaches. 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Titles Financial Accountability and Accounting and Finance Journal of Labor Economics Management Accounting Forum Financial History Review Journal of Law and Economics Journal of Law, Economics, and Accounting Review Financial Innovation Organization Accounting, Auditing and Journal of Law, Finance, and Financial Management Accountability Journal Accounting African Economic History Fiscal Studies Journal of Management African Journal of Economic and Food Policy Journal of Marketing Research Management Studies Agribusiness Foresight and STI Governance Journal of Monetary Economics Journal of Money, Credit and Agricultural and Food Economics Forest Policy and Economics Banking Agricultural Economics (Czech Foundations and Trends in Journal of Multinational Financial Republic) Accounting Management Journal of Open Innovation: Agricultural Economics (United Foundations and Trends in Technology, Market, and Kingdom) Entrepreneurship Complexity Agricultural Finance Review GAIA Journal of Political Economy American Economic Journal: Global Policy Journal of Population Economics Applied Economics American Economic Journal: Globalizations Journal of Productivity Analysis Economic Policy American Economic Journal: Handbook of Computational Journal of Property Investment Macroeconomics Economics and Finance American Economic Journal: Historical Materialism Journal of Public Economics Microeconomics Journal of Public Policy and American Economic Review History of Economic Ideas Marketing American Journal of Agricultural History of Political Economy Journal of Real Estate Research Economics American Law and Economics ICSID Review Journal of Risk and Insurance Review Annals of Public and Cooperative IMA Journal of Management Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Economics Mathematics Journal of Self-Governance and Annual Review of Economics IMF Economic Review Management Economics Annual Review of Financial Indian Economic and Social Journal of Social Ontology Economics History Review Annual Review of Resource Journal of South Asian Industrial and Corporate Change Economics Development Applied Economic Perspectives Innovation Policy and the Journal of Sports Economics and Policy Economy Applied Health Economics and Insurance: Mathematics and Journal of Supply Chain Health Policy Economics Management Asia and the Pacific Policy Journal of the Academy of Intellectual Economics Studies Marketing Science Intelligent Systems in Journal of the Association of Asia Pacific Journal of Accounting, Finance and Environmental and Resource Management Economists Journal of the Economic and Asian Economic Policy Review International Business Review Social History of the Orient Journal of the European Auditing International Economics Economic Association International Environmental Australasian Accounting, Journal of the History of Agreements: Politics, Law and Business and Finance Journal Economic Thought Economics Australian Economic History International Journal of Journal of the Knowledge Review Accounting Economy International Journal of Journal of the Royal Statistical Baltic Region Accounting and Information Society. Series A: Statistics in Management Society International Journal of Borsa Istanbul Review Journal of Urban Economics Accounting Information Systems Brookings Papers on Economic International Journal of Journal of World Business Activity Agricultural Sustainability BRQ Business Research Quarterly International Journal of Auditing Judgment and Decision Making Bulletin of Indonesian Economic International Journal of Kyklos Studies Biological Macromolecules International Journal of Business Business Ethics Land Economics Communication International Journal of Business Ethics Quarterly Latin American Research Review Consumer Studies International Journal of Cambridge Journal of Economics Library of Economic History Contemporary Iraqi Studies Cambridge Journal of Regions, International Journal of Local Economy Economy and Society Electronic Commerce International Journal of Energy Capital and Class Long Range Planning Economics and Policy International Journal of Ethics Management Accounting China and World Economy and Systems Research International Journal of Gender China Economic Journal Managerial Auditing Journal and Entrepreneurship International Journal of China Economic Review Marine Policy Production Economics International Relations of the China Information Marine Resource Economics Asia-Pacific International Review of Maritime Economics and City, Culture and Society Economics and Finance Logistics International Review of ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Environmental and Resource Marketing Letters Research Economics International Review of Financial Cliometrica Mathematical Finance Analysis Conflict Management and Peace Internet Research Mind and Society Science Constitutional Political Economy IZA Journal of Labor Policy MIS Quarterly Executive Consumption Markets and Journal of Accounting and Montenegrin Journal of Culture Economics Contemporary Accounting National Institute Economic Journal of Accounting Research Research Review Journal of Accounting, Auditing Contemporary Economics NBER Macroeconomics Annual and Finance Critical Perspectives on Journal of Advanced New Economic Windows Accounting Transportation Development Engineering Journal of Agricultural Economics New Perspectives on Turkey Nonlinear Analysis: Real World E a M: Ekonomie a Management Journal of Applied Econometrics Applications Eastern Journal of European Oxford Review of Economic Journal of Asia Business Studies Studies Policy Ecological Economics Journal of Banking and Finance Pacific Basin Finance Journal Journal of Behavioral and Econometrica Palgrave Communications Experimental Economics Journal of Business and Politics, Philosophy and Econometrics Journal Economic Statistics Economics Economic Analysis and Policy Journal of Business Economics Post-Soviet Affairs Economic Development and Journal of Business Economics Public Policy and Administration Cultural Change and Management Economic Geography Journal of Business Ethics Quantitative Finance Economic History of Developing Journal of Business Finance and Quarterly Journal of Economics Regions Accounting Economic History Review Journal of Commodity Markets RAND Journal of Economics Journal of Common Market Regional Science and Urban Economic Journal Studies Economics Journal of Comparative Regional Studies, Regional Economic Modelling Economics Science Research in International Economic Policy Journal of Consumer Affairs Business and Finance Economic Systems Journal of Consumer Culture Research in Political Economy Research in the History of Economic Systems Research Journal of Consumer Research Economic Thought and Methodology Journal of Contemporary Central Research in Transportation Economica and Eastern Europe Business and Management Research in Transportation Economics and Human Biology Journal of Corporate Finance Economics Economics and Philosophy Journal of Corporate Real Estate Resources and Energy Economics Economics and Sociology Journal of Cultural Economics Resources Policy Resources, Conservation and Economics of Education Review Journal of Cultural Heritage Recycling Economics of Energy and Journal of Development Review of Corporate Finance Environmental Policy Economics Studies Economics of Innovation and Journal of Econometrics Review of Development Finance New Technology Economics of Transportation Journal of Economic Geography Review of Economic Dynamics Economics, Management, and Journal of Economic Growth Review of Economic Studies Financial Markets Review of Economics and Economy and Society Journal of Economic History Statistics Review of Environmental Electronic Commerce Research Journal of Economic Inequality Economics and Policy Electronic Markets Journal of Economic Literature Review of Finance Emerging Markets Finance and Journal of Economic Review of Financial Studies Trade Methodology Review of International Emerging Markets Review Journal of Economic Perspectives Organizations Journal of Economic Policy Review of International Political Empirical Economics Reform Economy Review of Radical Political Energy Economics Journal of Economic Psychology Economics Energy Journal Journal of Economic Studies Review of World Economics Revista de Historia Economica - Energy Systems Journal of Economic Surveys Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History Entrepreneurship and Regional Journal of Economics, Finance Rivista di Studi sulla Sostenibilita Development and Administrative Science Entrepreneurship and Journal of Electronic Commerce Scandinavian Actuarial Journal Sustainability Issues Open Access Research Entrepreneurship: Theory and Science Technology and Human Journal of Empirical Finance Practice Values Environment, Development and Journal of Entrepreneurship Small Business Economics Sustainability Education Environmental and Resource Journal of Entrepreneurship in Socio-Economic Planning Economics Emerging Economies Sciences Journal of Environmental Eurasian Business Review Socio-Economic Review Economics and Management Eurasian Geography and Journal of Family Business South Asia Research Economics Strategy South Asian Journal of Business EuroMed Journal of Business Journal of Finance Studies Journal of Financial and European Accounting Review Space and Culture, India Quantitative Analysis European Economic Review Journal of Financial Economics Spatial Economic Analysis Journal of Financial Strategic Entrepreneurship European Financial Management Intermediation Journal European Journal of Health Journal of Financial Markets Structural Equation Modeling Economics European Journal of Law and Journal of Financial Services Technological and Economic Economics Research Development of Economy European Journal of Management and Business Journal of Financial Stability Terra Economicus Economics European Journal of Political Journal of Human Capital Theoretical Economics Economy European Journal of the History Transformations in Business and Journal of Human Resources of Economic Thought Economics European Research on Journal of Innovation and Management and Business Transnational Corporations Entrepreneurship Economics European Review of Agricultural Journal of Innovation and Valori e Valutazioni Economics Knowledge European Review of Economic Journal of Institutional Value in Health Regional Issues History Economics Journal of International Business Europe-Asia Studies Venture Capital Studies Journal of International Experimental Economics Wine Economics and Policy Economic Law Journal of International Explorations in Economic History Work, Aging and Retirement Economics Journal of International Financial Extremes Work, Employment and Society Management and Accounting Journal of International Financial Family Business Review World Bank Economic Review Markets, Institutions and Money Journal of International Feminist Economics World Bank Research Observer Management Journal of International Money Finance and Stochastics World Development and Finance Finance Research Letters Journal of International Studies Young Consumers Appendix 2 List of leading titles (n=190) and titles included in our analysis (n=136). The latter constitute a subgroup of the former: they are highlighted in bold and underlined. Titles Journal of Mathematical Accounting Review Energy Economics Accounting, Auditing Institutional Finance and Finance Economics Accounting, Auditing Journal of MIS Quarterly and Accountability Energy Journal Agricultural International Executive Journal Economics Business Studies Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Journal of NBER Journal of Applied Economics (United Regional International Macroeconomics Econometrics Kingdom) Development Economic Law Annual American Economic Journal of Nonlinear Analysis: Entrepreneurship: Journal of Banking Journal: Applied International Real World Theory and Practice and Finance Economics Applications Journal of American Economic Journal of Business International Environmental and Oxford Review of Journal: Economic and Economic Financial Markets, Resource Economics Economic Policy Policy Statistics Institutions and Money American Economic Eurasian Business Journal of Business Journal of International Journal: Post-Soviet Affairs Review Ethics Management Macroeconomics American Economic Journal of Business European Economic Journal of International Journal: Finance and Quantitative Finance Review Money and Finance Microeconomics Accounting American Economic European Financial Journal of Common Journal of Labor Quarterly Journal of Review Management Market Studies Economics American Journal of Journal of European Journal of Journal of Law and RAND Journal of Agricultural Comparative Health Economics Economics Journal of Law, American Law and European Journal of Journal of Consumer Regional Science and Economics, and Economics Review Political Economy Affairs Urban Economics Organization Research in European Review of Annual Review of Journal of Consumer Journal of Transportation Agricultural Economics Culture Management Business and Economics Management Research in Annual Review of European Review of Journal of Consumer Journal of Marketing Transportation Financial Economics Economic History Research Economics Annual Review of Experimental Journal of Corporate Journal of Monetary Resources and Resource Economics Economics Finance Economics Energy Economics Resources, Asia Pacific Journal Explorations in Journal of Cultural Journal of Money, Conservation and of Management Economic History Economics Credit and Banking Recycling Journal of Journal of Political Review of Economic Auditing Extremes Development Economy Dynamics Economics Brookings Papers on Family Business Journal of Journal of Population Review of Economic Economic Activity Review Econometrics Economics Studies Business Ethics Finance and Journal of Economic Journal of Review of Economics Quarterly Stochastics Geography Productivity Analysis and Statistics Cambridge Journal of Journal of Property Review of Journal of Economic Regions, Economy Financial Management Investment and Environmental Growth and Society Finance Economics and Policy China and World Journal of Economic Journal of Public Food Policy Review of Finance Economy History Economics ClinicoEconomics and Foundations and Journal of Economic Journal of Public Review of Financial Outcomes Research Trends in Accounting Inequality Policy and Marketing Studies Foundations and Review of Conflict Management Journal of Economic Journal of Real Estate Trends in and Peace Science International Literature Research Entrepreneurship Organizations Review of Contemporary Journal of Economic Journal of Risk and GAIA International Political Accounting Research Methodology Insurance Economy Critical Perspectives Journal of Economic Journal of Risk and Review of World Globalizations on Accounting Perspectives Uncertainty Economics Historical Journal of Economic Journal of Sports Scandinavian Ecological Economics Materialism Psychology Economics Actuarial Journal IMA Journal of Journal of Economic Journal of Supply Science Technology Econometrica Management Studies Chain Management and Human Values Mathematics Journal of the Journal of Economic Econometrics Journal Small Business IMF Economic Review Academy of Marketing Surveys Economics Science Economic Journal of the Industrial and Journal of Electronic Socio-Economic Development and European Economic Corporate Change Commerce Research Planning Sciences Cultural Change Association Journal of the Royal Insurance: Journal of Empirical Statistical Society. Socio-Economic Economic Geography Mathematics and Finance Series A: Statistics in Review Economics Society Journal of Economic History International Environmental Journal of Urban Spatial Economic Review Business Review Economics and Economics Analysis Management International Journal Strategic Journal of World Economic Journal of Business Journal of Finance Entrepreneurship Business Communication Journal Journal of Financial International Journal of Judgment and Structural Equation Economic Policy and Quantitative Electronic Commerce Decision Making Modeling Analysis Technological and International Journal Economic Systems Journal of Financial Economic of Energy Economics Land Economics Research Economics Development of and Policy Economy International Journal Journal of Financial Theoretical Economica of Production Local Economy Intermediation Economics International Economics of Journal of Financial Wine Economics and Relations of the Asia- Long Range Planning Education Review Markets Policy Pacific Economics of International Review Journal of Financial Management Innovation and New Work, Employment of Environmental and Services Research Accounting Research and Society Technology Resource Economics Economics of Journal of Financial World Bank Internet Research Marine Policy