Carmine

SECTION 2: Hazards identification

CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS Min Max Flammability: 1 Toxicity: 0 Body Contact: 0 Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Reactivity: 1 Moderate=2 High=3 Chronic: 2 Extreme=4 CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK

Potential Acute Health Effects

SWALLOWED The material has NOT been classified as "harmful by ingestion". This is because of the lack of corroborating animal or human evidence. <\p>. EYE Although the material is not thought to be an irritant, direct contact with the eye may cause transient discomfort characterized by tearing or conjunctival redness (as with windburn). Slight abrasive damage may also result. <\p>. SKIN The material is not thought to produce adverse health effects or skin irritation following contact (as classified using animal models). Nevertheless, good hygiene practice requires that exposure be kept to a minimum and that suitable gloves be used in an occupational setting. Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material. Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected. INHALED The material is not thought to produce adverse health effects or irritation of the respiratory tract (as classified using animal models). Nevertheless, good hygiene practice requires that exposure be kept to a minimum and that suitable control measures be used in an occupational setting. Persons with impaired respiratory function, airway diseases and conditions such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, may incur further disability if excessive concentrations of particulate are inhaled.

Potential chronic health

Limited evidence suggests that repeated or long-term occupational exposure may produce cumulative health effects involving organs or biochemical systems. There is some evidence that inhaling this product is more likely to cause a sensitization reaction in some persons compared to the general population. There is limited evidence that, skin contact with this product is more likely to cause a sensitization reaction in some persons compared to the general population. Long term exposure to high dust concentrations may cause changes in lung function i.e. pneumoconiosis; caused by particles less than 0.5 micron penetrating and remaining in the lung. <\p>. Exposure to small quantities may induce hypersensitivity reactions characterized by acute bronchospasm, hives (urticaria), deep dermal wheals (angioneurotic edema), running nose (rhinitis) and blurred vision . Anaphylactic shock and skin rash (non-thrombocytopenic purpura) may occur. <\p>. Some anthraquinone (also known as anthracenedione) dyes are carcinogenic while others are positive allergens which cause hypersensitivity responses in unsensitised humans or cause or cause immunotoxic responses. Some of these dyes cause dermatitis whilst others produce slight teratogenic effects when administered intraperitoneally to pregnant mice. Information on the neurotoxic effects and metabolism on most members of this class of dyes is missing. Anthraquinones are classified with a large number of other quinone molecules that can be derived from aromatic molecules such as benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene. Reactive oxygen species generated by metabolism of a variety of quinones may be associated with DNA damage or activation of signaling pathways involved in initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis. A high percentage (36/80) of phenolic anthraquinones have been reported to be mutagenic in Salmonella. Quinone molecules can be reduced to a relatively stable hydroquinone, which usually is not associated with oxidative stress, or they may be reduced in a one-electron reduction to semiquinone free radicals that give rise to superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and other reactive oxygen species Quinones may be produced from benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, estrogens, and catecholamines and give rise to reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules and activate signaling pathways. These molecular events may be associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis. Exposure to large doses of Aluminum has been connected with the degenerative brain disease Alzheimer's Disease.