Emergency lighting

Hazardous Ingredients

4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Acute effect Chemical hazards Health risk assessment Health surveillance 364 Health and Safety Pocket Book Noise-induced hearing loss (occupational deafness) Exposure to noise at work may affect hearing in three ways: • temporary threshold shift: a short-term effect, i.e. a tem- porary reduction in the ability to hear, which may follow exposure to excessive noise, such as that from rifle fire or certain types of machinery, such as chain saws • permanent threshold shift: a permanent effect where the limit of tolerance is exceeded in terms of the duration and level of exposure to noise and individual susceptibil- ity to noise • acoustic trauma: a condition which involves sudden dam- age to the ear from short-term intense exposure or even from one single exposure, e.g. gun fire, major explosions. Noise-induced hearing loss is a prescribed occupational disease. 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 2(a) Health and safety in practice Dose record Health records Health surveillance 2(b) Hazard checklists Noise 3(a) Tables and figures Decibels (addition of) Noise control methods Noise control programme – Typical structure Octave bands (standard range) 3(b) Forms Noise exposure record 4. Health and Safety Glossary Action levels, exposure action levels and exposure limit values Audiometry Dose Impulse noise Health and safety glossary 365 LEQ (equivalent continuous sound level) Octave band analysis Reduced time exposure (limitation) Non-mechanical hazards Those hazards associated with machinery but not arising from machinery motion, e.g. risk of burns from hot surfaces, con- tact with hazardous substances used in machines, exposure to machinery noise and airborne contaminants emitted from machines. 1(c) Principal regulations Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 1(d) Approved codes of practice Safe use of work equipment 2(a) Health and safety in practice Planned preventive maintenance Risk assessment 2(b) Hazard checklists Work equipment 4. Health and Safety Glossary Contact hazard Non-operational parts (machinery) Those functional parts of machinery which convey power or motion to the operational parts, e.g. transmission machinery. 1(c) Principal regulations Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 1(d) Approved codes of practice Safe use of work equipment 2(a) Health and safety in practice Planned preventive maintenance Risk assessment 366 Health and Safety Pocket Book 2(b) Hazard checklists Work equipment Occupational health This is variously defined as: • a branch of preventive medicine concerned with health problems caused by or manifest at work • a branch of preventive medicine concerned with the rela- tionship of work to health and the effects of work upon the worker. 1(b) Statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Social Security Act 1975 1(c) Principal regulations Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 1(d) Approved codes of practice Control of asbestos at work The management of asbestos in non-domestic premises Work with asbestos insulation, asbestos coating and asbestos insulation board Work with asbestos that does not normally require a licence Work with ionising radiation Health and safety glossary 367 Control of lead at work The control of Legionella bacteria in hot water systems Safe use of pesticides for non-agricultural purposes Control of substances hazardous to health in the production of pottery Control of substances hazardous to health Control of substances hazardous to health in fumigation operations 1(e) HSE guidance notes A comprehensive guide to managing asbestos in premises [HS(G)227] A Guide to the Work in Compressed Air Regulations 1989 [L102] An introduction to local exhaust ventilation [HS(G)37] Workplace exposure limits [EH40] 2(a) Health and safety in practice BS8800: Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Manage- ment Systems Dose record Health records Health surveillance Information and instruction Risk assessment 3(a) Tables and figures Airborne contaminants: comparison of particle size ranges Hazardous substances that can be revealed by medical analysis Noise control methods Optimum working temperatures Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – Reporting requirements 3(b) Forms Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations – Health Risk Assessment Noise exposure record Occupational health: (a) Pre-employment health questionnaire (b) Health questionnaire 368 Health and Safety Pocket Book (c) Food handler’s clearance certificate (d) Fitness certificate Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 – Report of a case of disease (Form 2508A) 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Action levels, exposure action levels and exposure limit values Acute effect Air sampling (air monitoring) Audiometry Biological hazards Biological monitoring Carcinogen Comfort ventilation Dose Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Health risk assessment Health surveillance Impulse noise Ionising radiation Local effect Occupational hygiene Prescribed disease Primary monitoring Reduced time exposure (limitation) Reportable disease Risk avoidance

Potential chronic health

Dose Dose–response relationship Dose Dose–response relationship Health risk assessment Health surveillance Occupational health Prescribed disease Reportable disease Health and safety glossary 375 Product liability An area of health and safety law concerned with both the crim- inal and civil liabilities of all those in the manufacturing chain towards consumers of their products. Criminal liability is covered in the HSWA (Sec 6) and other legislation, such as the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Injury sustained as a result of using a defect- ive product could result in a civil claim against a defendant based on negligence. Principal duties rest with designers, manufacturers and importers of products, secondary duties with wholesalers, retailers and other persons directly or indirectly involved in the supply chain. 1(b) Statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 1(c) Principal regulations Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Lifts Regulations 1997 Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 Simple Pressure Vessels (Safety) Regulations 1991 Prohibition A control strategy in accident and ill-health prevention exercised where there is no known form of operator protection available. This may entail prohibiting the use of a substance, system of work, operational practice or machine where the level of danger is very high. An inspector is empowered to serve a prohibition notice where activities will, or may, involve a risk of serious personal injury. 1(a) Statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 376 Health and Safety Pocket Book Reduced time exposure (limitation) A strategy directed to limiting the exposure of people to, for instance, noise or hazardous substances, by specifying the max- imum exposure time permissible in any working period, e.g. eight hours. This strategy forms the basis for long-term and short-term exposure limits. 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Ionising Radiations Regulations 2005 Reduced voltage A form of protection against electric shock, the most commonly used reduced voltage system being the 110 volt centre point earthed system. Here, the secondary winding of the transformer providing the 110 volt supply is centre tapped to earth, thereby ensuring that at no part of the 110 volt system can the voltage to earth exceed 55 volts. 1(e) HSE guidance notes Electricity at Work: Safe working practices Electrical safety on construction sites Reportable disease Under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occur- rences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995, certain diseases and condi- tions arising from work activities affecting a person at work, and listed in Schedule 3, must be reported by an employer to the rele- vant enforcing authority. Reportable diseases are classified in the following groups: 1. Conditions due to physical agents and the physical demands of work Health and safety glossary 377 2. Infections due to biological agents 3. Conditions due to substances. 1(c) Principal regulations Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 2(a) Health and safety in practice Accident investigation procedures 3(a) Tables and figures Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – Reporting requirements 3(b) Forms Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (b) Report of a case of disease (Form 2508A) Reportable event The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 apply to ‘events’ which arise out of or in connection with work, namely all deaths, certain injuries resulting from accidents, instances of specified diseases and defined dangerous occurrences. Where any of the events listed below arise out of work activ- ities, it must be notified by quickest practicable means (e.g. telephone or fax), and subsequently reported (within 10 days) on the appropriate form, to the enforcing authority. The events are: • the death of any person at work as a result of an acci- dent, whether or not they are at work • someone who is at work suffering a major injury as a result of an accident arising out of or in connection with work • someone who is not at work (e.g. a member of the pub- lic) suffers an injury as a result of an accident and is taken from the scene to a hospital for treatment, or if the acci- dent happens at a hospital, suffers a major injury 378 Health and Safety Pocket Book • one of the list of specified dangerous occurrences takes place • someone at work is unable to do their normal work for more than 3 days as a result of an injury caused by an accident at work • the death of an employee, if this occurs some time after a reportable injury which led to the employee’s death, but not more than 1 year afterwards • a person at work suffers one of a number of specified dis- eases provided that a doctor diagnoses the disease and the person’s job involves a specified work activity. The duty to notify and report rests with the responsible person, i.e. the employer, a self-employed person or person in control of the premises. A report must be made of the following circumstances: • a conveyor of flammable gas through a fixed pipe distri- bution system or the filler, importer or supplier of lique- fied petroleum gas (LPG) in a refillable container, must report if they learn that someone has died or suffered a major injury arising out of, or in connection with, that gas • any registered installation business must report if it finds that there is, in any premises, a gas fitting or associated flue or ventilation arrangement which could be dangerous. A responsible person must keep a record of the above events. There is a defence available for a person to prove that he was not aware of the event requiring him to notify or send a report to the relevant authority, and that he had taken all reasonable steps to have such events brought to his notice. 1(c) Principal regulations Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 2(a) Health and safety in practice Accident costs Accident investigation Major incidents Health and safety glossary 379 3(a) Tables and figures Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – Reporting requirements 3(b) Forms Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995: (a) Report of an injury or dangerous occurrences (Form 2508) (b) Report of a case of disease (form 2508A). Risk Risk expresses the likelihood or probability that the harm from a particular hazard will be realised. In relation to the exposure of an employee to a substance haz- ardous to health, means the likelihood that the potential for harm to health of a person will be attained under the condi- tions of use and exposure and also the extent of that harm. [Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002] 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 2(a) Health and safety in practice Benchmarking 380 Health and Safety Pocket Book BS 8800: Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Manage- ment Systems Management oversight and risk tree analysis Risk assessment Successful health and safety management 3(a) Tables and figures Probability index Severity index 4. Health and Safety Glossary Generic risk assessment Health risk assessment Risk avoidance This strategy involves a conscious decision on the part of an employer to avoid completely a particular risk by, for instance, discontinuing or modifying the activities or operations that cre- ated the risk. An example might be the replacement of manual handling operations by a mechanical handling system. 1(a) Legal background Principles of Prevention 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk management Risk control This is one of the outcomes of the risk management process. Risk control may be through risk avoidance, risk retention, risk transfer or risk reduction (see individual entries). 1(a) Legal background Principles of prevention 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk management Health and safety glossary 381 Risk reduction Risk reduction, as part of the risk management process, implies the implementation within an organisation of some form of loss control programme directed at protecting the organisa- tion’s assets (manpower, machinery, materials and money) from wastage caused by accidental loss. Risk reduction strategies operate in two stages: • collection of data on as many loss-producing incidents as possible and the installation of a programme of remedial action • the collation of all areas where losses arise from loss- producing incidents, e.g. death, major injury, property damage, and the formulation of strategies directed at reducing these losses. 1(a) Legal background Principles of prevention 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk management Risk retention A risk management strategy whereby risk is retained within an organisation and any consequent loss is financed by the organ- isation. There are two features of risk retention: Risk retention with knowledge In this case a conscious decision is made to meet any resulting loss from within an organisation’s resources. Decisions on which risks that should be retained can only be made after all the risks have been identified, measured and evaluated. Risk retention without knowledge This generally arises from a lack of knowledge of the existence of a risk or an omission to insure against that risk. Situations 382 Health and Safety Pocket Book where risks have not been identified and evaluated can result in this form of risk retention. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk management Risk transfer Risk transfer implies the legal assignments of the costs of cer- tain potential losses from one party to another, e.g. from an organisation to an insurance company. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk management Route of entry There are three primary routes of entry of hazardous substances into the body, namely by inhalation, pervasion and ingestion. Secondary routes of entry include injection, inoculation and implantation. 1(c) Principal regulations Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 2(a) Health and safety in practice Health records Health surveillance Information and instruction 2(b) Hazard checklists Hazardous substances Health and safety glossary 383 3(a) Tables and figures Airborne contaminants: comparison of particle size ranges Categories of danger – Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Hazardous substances that can be revealed by medical analysis Safety data sheets – obligatory headings 3(b) Forms Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 – Health Risk Assessment 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Active monitoring Acute effect Aerosol Air sampling (air monitoring) Carcinogen Chemical hazards Chronic effect Dilution ventilation Dose Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Hazardous substances Health risk assessment Health surveillance Local effect Local exhaust ventilation Long-term exposure limit Primary monitoring Secondary monitoring Substances hazardous to health Target organs and target systems Threshold dose Toxicity Toxicological assessment Toxicology Workplace exposure limit 384 Health and Safety Pocket Book Safety culture Both the HSE and CBI have provided guidance on the need for organisations to develop and promote the right safety culture. The main principles involved, which involve the establishment of a safety culture, accepted and observed generally, are: • the acceptance of responsibility at and from the top, exercised through a clear chain of command, seen to be actual and felt throughout the organisation • a conviction that high standards are achievable through proper management • setting and monitoring of relevant objectives/targets, based upon satisfactory internal information systems • systematic identification and assessment of hazards and the devising and exercise of preventive systems which are subject to audit and review; in such approaches, particu- lar attention is given to the investigation of error • immediate rectification of deficiencies; and • promotion and reward of enthusiasm and good results. [Rimington, J.R. (1989) The Onshore Safety Regime, HSE Director General’s Submission to the Piper Alpha Inquiry, December 1989] A company wishing to improve its performance will need to judge its existing practices against a number of features essen- tial to a sound safety culture, namely: • leadership and commitment from the top which is genu- ine and visible; this is the most important feature • acceptance that it is a long-term strategy which requires sustained effort and interest • a policy statement of high expectations and conveying a sense of optimism about what is possible supported by adequate codes of practice and safety standards • health and safety should be treated as other corporate aims, and adequately resourced • it must be a line management responsibility • ‘ownership’ of health and safety must permeate at all levels of the work force; this involves employee involve- ment, training and communication Health and safety glossary 385 • realistic and achievable targets should be set and per- formance measured against them • incidents should be thoroughly investigated • consistency of behaviour against agreed standards should be achieved by auditing and good safety behaviour should be a condition of employment • deficiencies revealed by an investigation or audit should be remedied promptly • management must receive adequate and up-to-date information to be able to assess performance. [Developing a Safety Culture, CBI, 1989] 2(a) Health and safety in practice OHSAS 18001: A Pro-active Approach to Health and Safety Management Successful Health and Safety Management Safety propaganda An important feature of communicating health and safety themes, hazards and messages to people, it may take the form of safety posters, films, demonstrations and exhibitions, directed at increasing awareness. 1(c) Principal regulations Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 Safety Signs Regulations 1980 2(a) Health and safety in practice Information and instruction Safety signs Safety representative The Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regula- tions 1977 are concerned with the appointment by recognised trade unions of safety representatives, the functions of safety 386 Health and Safety Pocket Book representatives and the establishment and operation of safety committees. The functions of a safety representative include: • to investigate potential hazards and dangerous occur- rences and examine the causes of accidents • to investigate health and safety complaints by the employ- ees they represent • to make representations to the employer on matters aris- ing from investigations • to make representations to the employer on general mat- ters affecting health, safety and welfare • to carry out inspections • to represent employees in consultation with enforcement officers • to receive information from enforcement officers • to attend meetings of safety committees in their capacity as a safety representative in connection with the above functions. 1(c) Principal regulations Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 1(d) Approved codes of practice Safety representatives and safety committees 4. Health and Safety Glossary Joint consultation Secondary monitoring An area of occupational health practice directed at controlling health hazards which have already been recognised, e.g. moni- toring for occupational deafness by audiometry. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Health records Health surveillance Health and safety glossary 387 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Action levels, exposure levels and exposure limit values Audiometry Biological monitoring Health surveillance Occupational health Primary monitoring Segregation This is a strategy aimed at controlling the hazards arising from toxic substances and certain physical hazards, such as noise and radiation. Segregation may take a number of forms: • segregation by distance (separation) • segregation by age • segregation by time • segregation by sex • segregation by physiological criteria. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Health surveillance 4. Health and Safety Glossary Health risk assessment Health surveillance Occupational health Reduced time exposure (limitation) Statutory examination With reference to Regulation 32 of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 thorough inspection in relation to a thorough examination • means a thorough examination by a competent person • includes testing the nature and extent of which are appro- priate for the purpose described in the regulation. 388 Health and Safety Pocket Book 1(c) Principal regulations Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 2(a) Health and safety in practice Competent persons Statutory inspection With reference to Regulation 6 of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 • such visual or more rigorous inspection by a competent person as is appropriate for the purpose described in the regulation • where it is appropriate to carry out testing for the pur- pose, includes testing the nature and extent of which are appropriate for the purpose. 1(c) Principal regulations Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 2(a) Health and safety in practice Competent persons Substance hazardous to health Any substance (including any preparation): (a) which is listed in Part 1 of the Approved Supply List as dan- gerous for supply within the meaning of the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regula- tions and for which an indication of danger specified for the substance in Part V of that list is very toxic, toxic, harm- ful, corrosive or irritant; (b) for which the HSC has approved a maximum exposure limit or an occupational exposure standard; (c) which is a biological agent; (d) dust of any kind, except dust which is a substance within paragraph (a) or (b) above, when present at concentration Health and safety glossary 389 in air equal to or greater than: • 10 mg/m3, as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour period of total inhalable dust; or • 4 mg/m3, as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour period of respirable dust. (e) which, not being a substance falling within sub- paragraphs (a) to (d), because of its chemical or toxico- logical properties and the way it is used or is present at the workplace creates a risk to health. [Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002] 1(c) Principal regulations Control of substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 1(d) Approved codes of practice Control of substances hazardous to health Control of substances hazardous to health in fumigation operations 2(b) Hazard checklists Hazardous substances 3(c) Tables and figures Categories of danger – Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Substitution A prevention strategy whereby a less hazardous substance, pro- cess or work activity is substituted for a more dangerous one. Health and Safety Glossary Chemical hazards Hazardous substances Target organ and target system Certain toxic substances have a direct or indirect effect on specific body organs (target organs) and body systems (target systems). 390 Health and Safety Pocket Book Target organs include the liver, lungs, bladder, brain and skin. Target systems include the respiratory system, circulatory system, lymphatic system and reproductive system. 1(b) Hazard checklists Hazardous substances 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Dose Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Occupational health Toxicity Toxicological assessment Toxicology Threshold dose A concentration of an offending agent in the body above which an adverse body response will take place. 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Dose Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Toxicity Toxicological assessment Toxicology Workplace exposure limits Toxicity The ability of a chemical molecule to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in or on the body. Health and safety glossary 391 3(a) Tables and figures Categories of danger – Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Dose Dose–effect relationship Threshold dose Toxicological assessment Workplace exposure limits Toxicological assessment The collection, assembly and evaluation of data on a potentially toxic substance and the conditions of its use, in order to determine: • the danger to human health • systems for preventing or controlling the danger • the detection and treatment of overexposure and, • where such information is insufficient, the need for further investigation. The following factors should be considered in toxicological assessment: • the name of the substance, including any synonyms • a physical and/or chemical description of the substance • information on potential exposure situations • details of occupational exposure limits • general toxicological aspects, such as the route of entry into the body the mode of action in or on the body signs and symptoms diagnostic tests treatment, and disability potential. 1(c) Principal regulations Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 392 Health and Safety Pocket Book Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 2(b) Hazard checklists Hazardous substances 3(a) Tables and figures Categories of danger – Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations Safety data sheets – Obligatory headings 3(b) Forms Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 – Health Risk Assessment 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Acute effect Air sampling (air monitoring) Chemical hazards Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Hazardous substances Health risk assessment Health surveillance Route of entry Substances hazardous to health Target organs and target systems Threshold dose Toxicology Workplace exposure limits Toxicology The study of the body’s responses to toxic substances. See cross references for Toxicological assessment Health and safety glossary 393 Welfare amenity provisions Detailed requirements relating to the provision and main- tenance of welfare amenities are covered in the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 and accom- panying Approved Code of Practice. Duties on employers relating to welfare amenities include the provision of: • suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences and wash- ing facilities • an adequate supply of wholesome drinking water • accommodation for clothing • facilities for changing clothing • facilities for rest and the taking of meals. Schedule 1 to the regulations covers provisions with regard to the number of sanitary fitments and washing facilities to be provided. 1(b) Statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 1(c) Principal regulations Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 3(a) Tables and figures Water closets and urinals for men Water closets and wash station provision Workplace exposure limits HSE Guidance Note EH 40 ‘Workplace exposure limits’, which is revised on a regular basis, lists details of occupational exposure 394 Health and Safety Pocket Book limits (OELs) set under the COSHH Regulations in order to help protect the health of workers. The list of WELs, unless otherwise stated, relates to personal exposure to substances hazardous to health in the workplace only. They are intended to be used for normal working conditions in factories or other workplaces. Workplace exposure limits (WELs) are concentrations of haz- ardous substances in the air, averaged over a specified period of time referred to as a time-weighted average (TWA). Two time periods are used: • long term (8 hours) • short term (15 minutes). Long-term and short-term exposure limits Effects of exposure to substances hazardous to health vary considerably depending upon the nature of the substance and the pattern of exposure. Some effects require prolonged or accumulated exposure. Long-term (8-hour TWA) exposure limits (LTELs) are intended to control such effects by restricting the total intake by inhal- ation over one or more work shifts, depending upon the length of the shift. Other effects may be seen after brief exposure. Short-term exposure limits (usually 15 minutes) (STELs) may be applied to control these effects. They are set to help prevent effects, such as eye irritation, which may occur following expos- ure for a few minutes. For those substances for which no STEL is specified, it is recommended that a figure of three times the LTEL be used as a guideline for controlling short-term peaks in exposure. Some workplace activities give rise to frequent short (less than 15 minutes) periods of high exposure which, if averaged over time, do not exceed either an 8-hour TWA or a 15-minute TWA. Such exposures have the potential to cause harm and should be subject to reasonably practicable means of control unless a ‘suit- able and sufficient’ risk assessment shows no risk to health from such exposures. Health and safety glossary 395 Regulation 7(7) of the COSHH Regulations states that: ‘Without prejudice to the requirement to prevent exposure, control of exposure to a substance hazardous to health shall only be treated as adequate if: (a) the principles of good practice for the control of exposure to substances hazardous to health set out in Schedule 2A are applied; (b) any workplace exposure limit is not exceeded; and (c) for a substance: (i) which carries the risk phrase R45, R46 or R49, or for a substance or process which is listed in Schedule 1; or (ii) which carries the risk phrase R42 or R42/43, or which is listed in section C of HSE publication Asthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents impli- cated in occupational asthma as updated from time to time, or any other substance which the risk assess- ment has shown to be a potential source of occupa- tional asthma, exposure is reduced to as low a level as is reasonably practicable.’ WELs are listed in Schedule 1 to the Guidance Note. However, the absence of a substance from the list of WELs does not indicate that it is safe. For these substances, exposure should be controlled to a level to which nearly all the working population could be exposed, day after day at work, without adverse effects on health. Absorption through the skin For most substances, the main route of entry into the body is by inhalation and the exposure limits given relate solely to expos- ure by this route. However, some substances have the ability to penetrate intact skin and become absorbed into the body, thus contributing to systemic toxicity. These substances are marked in the Table of values with an ‘Sk’ notation. The Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances (ACTS) has agreed the follow- ing criteria for assigning this notation. 396 Health and Safety Pocket Book The ‘Sk’ notation is assigned in cases where the available data or experience (or predictions made in the absence of actual data) suggest that exposure via the dermal route may: (a) make a substantial contribution to the body burden (when compared to the contribution attributable to inhalation exposure at the WEL); and (b) cause systemic effects, so that conclusions about expos- ure and health effects based solely on airborne concen- tration limits may be incompatible. Units of measurement In WELs, concentrations of airborne particles (fume, dust, etc.) are usually expressed in mg m3. In the case of dusts, the limits in the table refer to the ‘inhalable’ fraction unless specifically indi- cated as referring to the ‘respirable’ fraction. WELs for volatile substances are usually expressed in both parts per million by vol- ume (p.p.m.) and milligrams per cubic metre (mg m3). For these substances, limits are set in ppm, and a conversion to mg m3 is calculated. European occupational exposure limits The exposure limits listed in Table 1 are all British limits set under the COSHH Regulations. In some cases, these also reflect a European limit applicable in all EU Member States. These limits are currently known as Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values (IOELVs). IOELVs are health-based limits set under the Chemical Agents Directive (98/24/EC). The European Commission is advised on limits by its Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL). This committee evaluates the scientific information on hazardous substances and makes recommendations for the establishment of an IOELV. IOELVs are listed in Directives which Member States are obliged to implement by introducing national limits for the substances listed. Health and safety glossary 397 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 1(d) Approved codes of practice Control of substances hazardous to health 2(b) Hazard checklists Hazardous substances 3(a) Tables and figures Airborne contaminants: comparison of particle size ranges Categories of danger – Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations Hazardous substances that can be revealed by medical analysis Safety data sheet – Obligatory headings 3(b) Forms Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 – Health Risk Assessment 4. Health and Safety Glossary Air sampling (air monitoring) Chemical hazards Dose Dose–effect relationship Dose–response relationship Hazardous substances Health risk assessment Health surveillance Occupational hygiene Route of entry Substances hazardous to health Target organs and target systems Threshold dose Toxicity Toxicological assessment Toxicology Appendix A: Accredited training courses in occupational health and safety The following professional institutions promote and accredit training courses. Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) Directing Safely Managing Safely Managing Client/Contractor Relationships Managing Risk Managing Safely in Policing Services Managing with Environmental Responsibilities Working Safely Working with Environmental Responsibilities Health Care: Working Safely Health Care: Risk and Safety Management Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) Foundation Certificate in Health and Safety Risk Assessment: Principles and practice Supervising Health and Safety Advanced Certificate in Health and Safety in the Workplace Principles of COSHH Principles of Manual Handling 402 Appendix A National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) Diploma Parts 1 and 2 in Occupational Safety and Health Level 4 Diploma in Occupational Safety and Health Specialist Diploma in Environmental Management National General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health National Certificate in Construction Safety and Health Royal Institute of Public Health (RIPH) Foundation Certificate in Health and Safety in the Workplace Royal Society of Health (RSH) Foundation Certificate in Health and Safety in the Workplace Advanced Diploma in Health and Safety at Work Appendix B: Documentation and record keeping requirements Current health and safety legislation places considerable emphasis on the documentation of policies, procedures and systems of work and the maintenance of certain records. The following are some of the documents and records that are required to be produced and maintained or may be required to be shown as evidence of compliance with health and safety legislation. • Statement of Health and Safety Policy (Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974) • Risk assessments in respect of: workplaces [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992] work activities [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992] work groups [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations] new or expectant mothers [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999] young persons [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999] work equipment [Provision and Use of Work Equip- ment Regulations 1998] personal protective equipment [Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992] manual handling operations [Manual Handling Opera- tions Regulations 1992] display screen equipment [Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992] 404 Appendix B substances hazardous to health [Control of Sub- stances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002] significant exposure to lead [Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002] noise at or above a lower exposure action value, i.e (a) a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 80 dB (A-weighted); and (b) a peak sound pressure of 135 dB (C-weighted) [Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005] work liable to expose employees to vibration [Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005] before a radiation employer commences a new activity involving work with ionising radiation [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] the presence or otherwise of asbestos in non- domestic premises [Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] work at height [Work at Height Regulations 2005] where a dangerous substance is or is liable to be pre- sent at the workplace [Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002] • Safe systems of work, including permits to work and method statements [Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994, Confined Spaces Regulations 1997, Control of Sub- stances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, Work in Compressed Air Regulations 1996] • Pre-tender stage health and safety plan and construction phase health and safety plan [Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994] • Planned preventive maintenance schedules [Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 and Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998] Cleaning schedules [Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992] • Written scheme of examination for specific parts of an installed pressure system or of a mobile system and the Appendix B 405 last report relating to a system by a competent person [Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000] • Written plan of work identifying those parts of a prem- ises where asbestos is or is liable to be present in a prem- ises and detailing how that work is to be carried out safely and without risk to health [Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] • Records of examinations and tests of exhaust ventilation equipment and respiratory protective equipment and of repairs carried out as a result of those examinations and tests [Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1999, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regula- tions 2002 and Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] • Record of air monitoring carried out in respect of: specified substances or processes; and lead asbestos [Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998 and Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] • Record of examination of respiratory protective equip- ment [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Records of air monitoring in cases where exposure to asbestos is such that a health record is required to be kept [Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] • Personal health records [Control of Lead at Work Regula- tions 2002, Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 and Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002] • Personal dose records [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Record of quantity and location of radioactive substances [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Record of investigation of certain notifiable occurrences involving release or spillage of a radioactive substance [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] 406 Appendix B • Record of suspected overexposure to ionising radiation during medical exposure [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Major Accident Prevention Policy [Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999] • Off-Site Emergency Plan [Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999] • Declaration of conformity by the installer of a lift and the manufacturer of a safety component for a lift together with any technical documentation or other information in relation to a lift or safety component required to be retained under the conformity assessment procedure [Lifts Regulations 1997] • Declaration of conformity by the manufacturer of pressure equipment and assemblies (as defined) together with technical documentation or other information in relation to an item of pressure equipment and assem- blies required to be retained under the conformity assess- ment procedure used [Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999] • Any technical documentation or other information required to be retained under a conformity assessment procedure and a periodic inspection procedure [Transportable Pressure Vessels Regulations 2001] • Procedures for serious and imminent danger and for dan- ger areas [Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999] • Emergency procedure to protect the safety of employees from an accident, incident or emergency related to the presence of a dangerous substance at the workplace [Dan- gerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2001] • Contingency plan in the event of a radiation accident [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Local rules in respect of controlled areas and supervised areas [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] • Written arrangements for non-classified persons [Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999] Appendix C: Useful publications and information sources Examination syllabuses and reports National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health Institution of Occupational Safety and Health Chartered Institute of Environmental Health Royal Society of Health Royal Institute of Public Health British Safety Council Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Health and safety books General health and safety information Dewis M. & Braune J. (2005): Tolley’s Health and Safety at Work Handbook: LexisNexis/Tolley Publishing Hughes P. & Ferret E. (2005): Introduction to Health and Safety at Work, 2nd edition: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Fuller C. & Vassie L. (2004): Health and Safety Management: Pearson Education Health and Safety Executive (1999): Essentials of Health and Safety at Work: HSE Books Holt, Allan St.J. (2002): Principles of Health and Safety at Work, 6th edition: IOSH Publications Ltd O’Donnell M. P. (2001): Health Promotion in the Workplace: Thomson Delmar Learning Ridley J. (2004): Health and Safety in Brief, 3rd edition: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann Ridley J. & Channing J. (2003): Safety at Work, 6th edition: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann 408 Appendix C Stranks J. (2003): A Manager’s Guide to Health and Safety at Work: Kogan Page Stranks J. (2003) Health and Safety for Management Highfield Publishing Stranks J. (2005): The Handbook of Health and Safety Practice, 7th edition: Pearson Education Case studies Kletz T. A. (2001): Learning from Accidents, 3rd edition: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Health and safety law Barret B. & Howells R. (2000): Occupational Health and Safety Law Cases and Materials Cavendish Publishing Goodman M. J. et al. (1999): Encyclopedia of Health and Safety at Work: Gee Publishing Kloss D. (2005) Occupational health law, 4th edition Blackwell Publishing Reeve P. et al. (2000): Health and Safety Competent Person’s Handbook: Gee Publishing Stranks J. (2005) Health and Safety Law, 5th edition Pearson Education Occupational health and hygiene Ashton I. & Gill F. (1999): Monitoring for Health Hazards at Work, 3rd edition: Blackwell Publishing Baxter P. et al. (2000): Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations, 9th edition: Hodder Arnold Cooper C. & Clarke S. (2003): Managing the Risk of Workplace Stress Health and Safety Hazards Taylor & Francis/Routledge Gardiner K. & Harrington J. M. (2005): Occupational Hygiene, 3rd edition: Blackwell Publishing Harrington J. M. et al. (1998) Occupational Health (Pocket Consultant series), 4th edition Blackwell Publishing Harris R. et al. (2001): Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 5th edition: John Wiley & Sons Appendix C 409 Hartley C. (2000) Health and Safety Hazardous Agents IOSH Publications Ltd Kloss D. (2005) Occupational Health Law, 4th edition Blackwell Publishing Sadhra S. & Rampal K. (1999) Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Management: Blackwell Publishing Stranks J. (2005) Stress at Work Management and Prevention Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Waldron H. A. & Edling C. (1997): Occupational Health Practice: Hodder Arnold Williams N. & Harrison R. (2004): Atlas of Occupational Health and Diseases: Hodder Arnold Risk assessment and management Bateman M. (2003): Tolley’s Practical Risk Assessment Handbook, 4th edition: LexisNexis/Elsevier Boyle T. (2003) Health and Safety Risk Management, 2nd edi- tion: IOSH Publications Ltd Sadhra S. & Rampal K. (1999) Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Management: Blackwell Publishing Construction safety Holt, Allan St.J (2001): Principles of Construction Safety: Blackwell Publishing Hughes P. & Ferrett E. (2004): Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Fire safety HMSO (1999) Fire safety an employer’s guide HMSO Thomson N. G. (2001) Fire Hazards in Industry Elsevier/ Butterworth-Heinemann Specific topics Kroemer K. H. E. & Grandjean E. (1997) Fitting The Task To The Human: A Textbook Of Occupational Ergonomics, 5th Edition: Taylor & Francis 410 Appendix C Lakha R. & Moore T. (2004): Tolley’s Handbook of Disaster and Emergency Management: Principles and Practice: LexisNexis/ Elsevier Ridley J. & Pearce D. (2005): Safety with Machinery, 2nd edition: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann Health and safety periodicals Safety & Health Practitioner Official magazine of the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), published by CMP. Also online at: www. shponline.co.uk CMP Information, 245 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 9UY, UK Subscriptions: Tel: 44 (0)1635 588890 Fax: 44 (0)1635 868594 email: shpcirculation@cmpinformation.com Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)20 7921 8046 Fax: 44 (0)20 7921 8058 email: shpeditor@cmpinformation.com Health and Safety at Work magazine Published by LexisNexis Butterworths. Journals and Magazines, 2 Addiscombe Road, Croydon, Surrey CR9 5AF, UK Subscriptions: Tel: 44 (0)20 86869141 Fax: 44 (0)20 86861910 Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)20 82121938 email: hsw@lexisnexis.co.uk Occupational Safety & Health Official journal of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) Press and Periodicals, Edgbaston Park, 353 Bristol Road, Birmingham B5 7ST, UK Sales: Tel: 44 (0)870 777 2227 email: sales@rospa.com Appendix C 411 Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)121 248 2000 Fax: 44 (0)121 248 2001 Hazards Official journal of the Trades Union Congress (TUC). Also online at www.hazards.org PO Box 199, Sheffield S1 4YL, UK Subscription: Tel: 44 (0)114 235 2074 email: sub@hazards.org Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)114 201 4265 email: editor@hazards.org Environmental Health Journal Official Journal of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health Chadwick Court, 15 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ, UK Subscription: Tel: 44 (0)20 7827 5882 email: j.godden@chgl.com Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)20 7928 6006 email: ehj@chgl.com Safety Management Official journal of the British Safety Council 70 Chancellors Road, London W6 9RS, UK Subscription: Tel: 44 (0)20 8741 1231 Fax: 44 (0)20 8741 4555 email: subscriptions@britsafe.org Editorial: Tel: 44 (0)20 8741 1231 Fax: 44 (0)20 8741 4555 email: publications@britsafe.org HSC and HSE publications and information services HSE Books HSE Books is the publishing arm of the Health and Safety Executive and the mail order and warehousing service for the 412 Appendix C distribution of HSC/HSE publications. It distributes both priced and free publications and also operates a number of subscrip- tion services. HSE Books issue a catalogue at regular intervals. Contact HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA Tel 44 (0)1787 881165 The catalogue can also be found online at the HSE Bookfinder website at www.hsebooks.com. This website provides the on-line system for selecting and ordering publications from HSE Books. The website provides a wide range of information including: • free leaflets • general occupational safety and health • health and safety topics • HSE research • People in the workplace. The website is updated on a weekly basis to take into account the addition of new publications and titles. HSE website The HSE has a website on the Internet. This contains informa- tion about the objectives of the HSE, how to contact the HSE, how to complain, recent press releases and research and cur- rent initiatives. Information about risks at work and informa- tion about different workplaces is also available. A feedback facility is available to enable organisations and individuals to post enquiries and suggestions to the HSE electronically. The URL for accessing the HSE home page is www.hse.gov.uk. hsedirect Developed by the HSE in partnership with LexisNexis, hsedirect is an on-line information service providing instant access to the Appendix C 413 latest legislation, ACOPs and HSE guidance, EU Directives, British Standard summaries, case summaries and HSE forms. The site also contains daily news, HSE press releases, a health and safety events diary and useful contact details. The home page can be contacted through www.hsedirect.com. with further enquiries through enquiries@hsedirect.com (tel. 0845 300 3142). HSELINE HSELINE is a computer database of bibliographic references to published documents on health and safety at work. It contains over 230 000 references and over 9000 additions are made each year. For further information on how to access HSELINE contact: Dialtech, 148 Darland Avenue, Gillingham, Kent ME7 3AS Tel: 01634 574592 email: einsuk@aol.com or Dialog, Thompson Corporation, Palace House, 3 Cathedral Street, London SE1 9DE Tel 0207 940 6900 Fax 0207 940 6800 HSE Infoline Infoline is the HSE’s public enquiry contact centre. It’s a ‘one- stop shop’, providing rapid access to the HSE’s wealth of health and safety information, and access to expert advice and guidance. HSE Infoline can be contacted by telephone (08701 545500), Minicom (02920 808537) Fax (02920 859260), email (hsein- formationservices@natbrit.com) or by post (HSE Infoline, Caerphilly Business Park, Caerphilly CF83 3GG). 414 Appendix C HSE electronic journals HSE electronic journals include: • Biological Agents Bulletin • Local Authority Unit Newsletter • Radiation Protection News • Safety Statistics Bulletin • Site Safe News • Toxic Substances Bulletin HSC newsletter This bi-monthly publication provides a single source of infor- mation for all those affected by health and safety issues, whether managers, shop floor workers, safety officers or safety representatives (available through HSE Books). HSE news bulletin A weekly compilation of all press releases issued by the HSE’s press office on a variety of subjects relating to health and safety in the workplace (available through HSE Books). HSE information series This series provides guidance on a very broad range of topics, including: A guide to the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Reg- ulations 1996 An introduction to health and safety A short guide to managing asbestos in premises A short guide to the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 Back pain: managing back pain in the workplace Basic advice on first aid at work Buying new machinery Checkouts and musculoskeletal disorders Computer control: a question of safety Appendix C 415 Consulting employees on health and safety Contained use of genetically modified organisms COSHH: a brief guide to the Regulations COSHH and section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work Act Driving at work: managing work-related road safety Electrical safety and you Electric storage batteries: safe charging and use Emergency action for burns Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969: A guide for employers and their representatives Ergonomics at work Fire and explosion: how safe is your workplace? First aid at work First aid at work: your questions answered Five steps to information, instruction and training Five steps to risk assessment Five steps to successful health and safety management Gas appliances get them checked keep them safe Getting to grips with manual handling Grin and wear it Hand-arm vibration Health and safety benchmarking Health and safety regulation: a short guide Health risks from hand-arm vibration: advice for employers Health surveillance in noisy industries: advice for employers Homeworking If the task fits: ergonomics at work Keep the noise down Legionnaires’ disease Lighten the load: guidance for employers on musculoskeletal disorders Listen up! Maintaining portable electrical equipment in offices and other low risk environments Managing asbestos in workplace buildings Managing crowds safely Managing health and safety: five steps to success Managing vehicle safety in the workplace 416 Appendix C Manual handling: a short guide for employers Manual handling assessment charts Noise at work: advice for employers Noise in construction: further guidance on the Noise at Work Regulations 1989 Officewise Passive smoking at work Preventing dermatitis at work Preventing slips, trips and falls at work Protecting your health at work Read the label: how to find if chemicals are dangerous Reduce risks – cut costs: the real costs of accidents and ill health at work Respiratory sensitisers RIDDOR explained: Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 Safety in electrical testing Safe working with flammable substances Signpost to the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 Silica dust and you Starting your business: guidance on preparing a health and safety policy document for small firms Tackling work-related stress: a guide for employees The complete idiot’s guide to CHIP The Noise at Work Regulations: a brief guide to the require- ments for controlling noise at work The right start: work experience for young people Training woodworking machinists Understanding ergonomics at work Upper limb disorders; assessing the risks Using work equipment safely Violence at work: a guide for employers Welfare at work What your doctor needs to know: your work and your health Working alone in safety: controlling the risks of solitary work Working with VDUs Workplace health, safety and welfare Appendix D: Professional organisations Professional Organisations Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) The Grange, Highfield Drive, Wigston, Leicester LE18 1NN, UK Tel: 44 (0)116 257 3100 Fax: 44 (0)116 257 3101 email: enquiries@iosh.co.uk Website: www.iosh.co.uk British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) 5/6 Melbourne Business Court, Millennium Way, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8LZ, UK Tel: 44 (0)1332 298101 Fax: 44 (0)1332 298099 email: admin@bohs.org Website: www.bohs.org Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) Chadwick Court, 15 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ, UK Tel: 44 (0)20 7928 6006 Fax: 44 (0)20 7827 5862 email: info@cieh.org Website: www.cieh.org Ergonomics Society Elms Court, Elms Grove, Loughborough LE11 1RG, UK Tel: 44 (0)1509 234904 Fax: 44 (0)1509 235666 email: ergsoc@ergonomics. Website: www. org.uk ergonomics.org.uk Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (IOEM) University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Tel: 44 (0)121 414 6030 Fax: 44 (0)121 414 6217 418 Appendix D email J.B.Grainger@bham.ac.uk Website www.pcpoh bham.ac.uk/ioem Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, Scotland, UK Tel: 44 (0)870 850 5131 Fax: 44 (0)870 850 5132 email: info@iomhq.org.uk Website: www.iom-world. org Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE) London Road, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 0RH, UK Tel: 44 (0)1608 812 580 Fax: 44 (0)1608 812 581 email: info@ife.org.uk Website: www.ife.org.uk Examination Board National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) Dominus Way, Meridian Business Park, Leicester LE19 1QW, UK Tel: 44 (0)116 263 4700 Fax: 44 (0)116 282 4000 email: info@nebosh.org.uk Website: www.nebosh. org. uk Associations and Organisations Asbestos Removal Contractors Association (ARCA) ARCA House, 237 Branston Road, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire DE14 3BT, UK Tel: 44(0)1283 531126 Fax: 44 (0)1283 568228 email: Form on website Website: www.arcaweb. org.uk Appendix D 419 British Red Cross UK Office, 44 Moorfields, London EC2Y 9AL, UK Tel: 44 (0)870 170 7000 Fax: 44 (0)20 7562 2000 email: information@redcross. Website: www.redcross. org.uk British Safety Council (BSC) 70 Chancellors Road, London W6 9RS, UK Tel: 44 (0)20 8741 1231 Fax: 44 (0)20 8741 4555 email: Form on website Website: www.britishsafe- tycouncil.co.uk Council of Registered Gas Installers (CORGI) 1 Elmwood, Chineham Park, Crockford Lane, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 8WG, UK Tel: 44 (0)870 401 2200 Fax: 44 (0)870 401 2600 email: enquiries@corgi-gas.com Website: www.corgi-gas. com Fire Protection Association (FPA) London Road, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 0RH, UK Tel: 44 (0)1608 812 500 Fax: 44 (0)1608 812 501 email: fpa@thefpa.co.uk Website: www.thefpa.co.uk Royal Institute of Public Health (RIPH) 28 Portland Place, London W1B 1DE, UK Tel: 44 (0)20 7580 2731 Fax: 44 (0)20 7580 6157 email examinations@riph.org.uk Website www.riph.org.uk Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) RoSPA House, Edgbaston Park, 353 Bristol Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7ST, UK Tel: 44 (0)121 248 2000 Fax: 44 (0)121 248 2001 email: help@rospa.com Website: www.rospa.org.uk 420 Appendix D Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (RSPH) 38A St. George’s Drive, London SW1V 4BH Tel: 44 (0)20 7630 0121 Fax: 44 (0)20 7976 6847 email: rsph@rsph.org Website: www.rsph.org Safety and Reliability Society (SARS) Clayton House, 59 Piccadilly, Manchester M1 2AQ, UK Tel: 44 (0)161 228 7824 Fax: 44 (0)161 236 6977 email: info@sars.org.uk Website: www.sars.org.uk St John Ambulance UK Office, 27 St John’s Lane, London EC1M 4BU, UK Tel: 44 (0)8700 10 49 50 Fax: 44 (0)8700 10 40 65 email: Form on website Website: www.sja.org.uk Appendix E: Industries – principal legal requirements All industries Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Building Regulations 2000 Children (Protection at Work) Regulations 1998 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regula- tions 2002 Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regula- tions 1996 Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2002 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 Lifts Regulations 1997 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999 Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 422 Appendix E Work at Height Regulations 2005 Working Time Regulations 1997 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Agriculture, forestry and arboriculture Food and Environmental Protection Act 1985 Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 Asbestos Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983 (as amended) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Biological products Biological Products Regulations 2001 Chemical Explosives Acts 1975 & 1923 Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Labelling) and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles Regulations 1996 Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations 1990 Classification and Labelling of Explosives Regulations 1983 Control of Explosives Regulations 1991 Appendix E 423 Market and Supervision of Transfers of Explosives Regulations 1993 Notification of New Substances Regulations 1993 Packaging of Explosives for Carriage Regulations 1991 Construction Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 Work in Compressed Air Regulations 1996 Diving Diving at Work Regulations 1997 Work in Compressed Air Regulations 1996 Docks Dangerous Substances in Harbour Areas Regulations 1987 Docks Regulations 1988 Loading and Unloading of Fishing Vessels Regulations 1988 Food and catering Food Safety Act 1990 Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2005 Foundries Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 424 Appendix E Gas Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996 Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 Genetics Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 2000 Leisure Activity Centres (Young Persons Safety) Act 1995 Adventure Activities (Licensing) Regulations 1996 Major hazard installations Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 Radiation (Emergency Preparedness and Public Information) Regulations 2001 Mines Mines and Quarries Act 1954 Coal and other Safety-lamp Mines (Explosives) Regulations 1993 Coal Mines (Owners’ Operating Rules) Regulations 1993 Escape and Rescue from Mines Regulations 1995 Management and Administration of Safety and Health at Mines Regulations 1993 Mines (Control of Ground Movement) Regulations 1999 Appendix E 425 Mines (Safety of Exit) Regulations 1988 Mines (Shafts and Winding) Regulations 1993 Nuclear Nuclear Installations Act 1965 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations Public Information for Radiation Emergencies Regulations 1992 Offshore Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (First Aid) Regulations 1989 Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (Management and Administration) Regulations 1995 Offshore Installations and Wells (Design and Construction) Regulations 1996 Offshore Installations (Prevention of Fire and Explosion and Emergency Response) Regulations 1995 Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 1992 Offshore Installations (Safety Representatives and Safety Com- mittees) Regulations 1989 Oil Borehole Sites and Operations Regulations 1995 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 Plastics Petroleum-Spirit (Plastic Containers) Regulations 1982 426 Appendix E Pottery Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Quarries Quarries Regulations 1999 Radiation Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Public Information for Radiation Emergencies Regulations 1992 Radiation (Emergency Preparedness and Public Information) Regulations 2001 Railways Level Crossings Regulations 1997 Railway Safety (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1997 Railway Safety Regulations 1999 Railways (Safety Case) Regulations 2000, 2001 & 2003 Railways (Safety Critical Work) Regulations 1994 Service Sector Care Homes Regulations 2001 Transportation Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail Regulations 1996 Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations 1996 Appendix E 427 Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Labelling) and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles Regulations 1996 Transportable Pressure Vessels Regulations 2001 Transport of Dangerous Goods (Safety Advisers) Regulations 1999 Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 Market and Supervision of Transfers of Explosives Regulations 1993 Index Absolute (strict) liability 3 All reasonable precautions and Absolute requirements 18 all due diligence 3, 47 Absorption 313, 314, 395, Alterations Notices 118, 119 396 Anthropometry 318 Access and facilities for disabled Appeals 119, 120 people (buildings) 46 Approved Codes of Practice 4, Access equipment 54 141–6 Accident Book 42, 43 Asbestos 314, 315 Accident costs 155, 156 Asbestos industry: legal Accident (definition) 202 requirements 423 Accident indices 255 Asbestos Removal Contractors Accident investigation procedure Association (ARCA) 418 157, 158 Associations and organisations Accident Record 287 418–20 Accident ratios 256 Atypical workers 318 Acoustic trauma 364 Audiometry 318, 319 Action levels 314–16 Auditing 319 Action values 73, 316 Authoritative precedents 26 Active monitoring 317 Automatic guard 358 Acute effect 317 Average illuminances and Adjustable guard 358 minimum measured Administration of Justice Act illuminances 258 1982 14, 36 Aerosol 317 Agriculture, forestry and ‘Balance of probabilities’ 6, 7 arboriculture; legal Benchmarking 158–61 requirements 422 ‘Beyond reasonable doubt’ 5, 8 Airborne contaminants: Biological hazards 320 comparison of particle size Biological monitoring 320, ranges 257 321 Air changes per hour (comfort Biological products: legal ventilation) 258 requirements 422 Air monitoring (sampling) 58, Books, health and safety 317, 318, 405 407–10 430 Index Breach of statutory duty 4, 5, Chemicals (Hazard Information 15 and Packaging for Supply) British Occupational Hygiene Regulations 2002 47 Society (BOHS) 417 Child/Children 6, 99 British Red Cross 419 Children (Protection at Work) British Safety Council (BSC) 419 Regulations 1997 48 British Standards 321, 322 Chronic effect 326 BS 8800: 2004 Guide to Classified persons 89 occupational health and Cleaning schedules 163 safety management systems Clients’ duties 49 161–3 Cofferdams and caissons 54 Building notice 44 Comfort 326 Building Regulations 2000 44–6 Comfort ventilation 258, Burden of proof 5, 6 326 Business interruption 203 Common law 8 Compartmentation 327 Compensation 7 Carcinogenic (classification) Competent authority 62, 63 260, 261 Competent persons 54, 55, 80, Carcinogens 70, 322, 323 93, 94, 95, 99, 105, 114, Case law 6 115, 132, 164, 165 Case studies, health and safety Confined space 327 408 Confined Spaces Regulations Categories of danger: Chemicals 1997 48, 49 (Hazard Information and Conformity assessment Packaging for Supply) procedures 97 Regulations 2002 259–61 Consequence analysis 166 CE marking 96, 131, 323 Conservation of fuel and power Certificate of Insurance 37 (buildings) 46 Civil action 7, 15 Construction activities – hazard Civil courts 7, 11, 12 checklist 205–13 Civil liability 7 Construction (Design and Chancery 12 Management) Regulations Change analysis 184 1994 49–52 Change of process 323, 324 Construction (Design and Chartered Institute of Management) Regulations Environmental Health (CIEH) 1994: How to decide when 401, 417 the exceptions to the CDM Chemical hazards 324, 325 Regulations apply 262 Chemical industry: legal Construction (Head Protection) requirements 422, 423 Regulations 1989 53 Index 431 Construction (Health, Safety and County Court 7, 11 Welfare) Regulations 1996 Courts and tribunals 11–14 53–6 Court of Appeal 7, 12 Construction industry: legal Courts of Summary Jurisdiction requirements 423 11 Construction safety books 409 Criminal charges 15, 16 Construction work 328, 329 Criminal courts 7, 11 Contact hazard 329 Criminal liability 7 Containment/enclosure 330 Crown Court 7, 11 Contentious Jurisdiction 13 Contingency plan 88 Contingency plan in the event Damage control 203 of a radiation accident 406 Damages 14 Contractor 9 Danger 330 Contractors’ duties 51, 52 Danger areas 135 Contributory negligence 9 Dangerous occurrences 127, Control of Asbestos at Work 330, 331 Regulations 2002 56–9, 314, Dangerous Substances and 315 Explosive Atmospheres Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 77–9 Regulations 2002 59–61, 315 Dangerous substances and Control of Major Accident wastes 114, 115, 121, 122, Hazard Regulations 1999 123, 124 61–3 Dangerous for the environment Control of Noise at Work (classification) 261 Regulations 2005 63–9, Declaration of Conformity 94, 315, 316 96, 97 Control of Substances Decibels (addition of) 263 Hazardous to Health Declaration of conformity by the Regulations 2002 69–72 installer of a lift etc 406 Control of Vibration at Work Declaration of conformity by the Regulations 2005 72–7, 316 manufacturer of pressure Controlling mind (mens rea) 10 equipment 406 Control test 9 Defences 15, 16 CORGI-registered gas installers Delegated legislation 8, 16, 32 126 Demolition methods: BS Corporate bodies, offences by 10 6187:9182 264, 265 Corporate liability 10 Designated areas 89 Corrosive (classification) 260 Designers’ duties 50, 97 Council of Registered Gas Developers’ duties 50 Installers (CORGI) 419 Dilution ventilation 331 432 Index Disability Discrimination Act Electromagnetic spectrum 266 1995 36, 37 Elimination 335 Disclosure of information 16, Emergency arrangements 78 17 Emergency lighting 335, 336 Diseases, reportable 127 Emergency plans 62, 63 Dismantling and demolition 54 Emergency procedures to Dismissal 14 protect the safety of Display screen equipment 331, employees etc 406 332 Employment Rights Act 1996 Display screen equipment 38–40 workstations – hazard Employment tribunals 13, 14 checklist 214–17 Employers’ duties (common law) Distance guard 358 20 Diving operations: legal Employers’ duties (construction) requirements 423 52 Docks: legal requirements 423 Employers’ liability 20, 21 Documentation and record Employers’ Liability (Compulsory keeping requirements Insurance) Act 1969 20, 37, 403–6 38 Dose 332–4 Employers’ Liability (Defective Dose assessment 89 Equipment) Act 1969 38 Dose-effect relationship 334 Energy rating 45 Dose record 167 Energy trace and barrier analysis Dose-response relationship 334, 184 335 Enforcement 7, 8, 21–4, Drainage and waste disposal 117–19 (buildings) 46 Enforcement authorities 24, 117 Due diligence 3, 17 Enforcement Notices 119 Duration rate 255 Entry, powers of 21 Dust 257 Environmental Health magazine Duties (hierarchy of) 17, 18 411 Duty holders 19, 56, 57 Ergonomics 336 Duty of care 19, 20 Ergonomics Society 417 Escape lighting 335 Essential health and safety EC Certificate of Conformity requirements 95, 96 131 European Community law 12, 13 Electrical equipment – hazard European Court of Justice 12, 13 checklist 218–19 European Directives 16, 32 Electricity at Work Regulations European occupational exposure 1989 79–81 limits 396 Index 433 Even tree analysis 167 Food and catering industry: legal Examination syllabuses and requirements 423 reports 407 Foundries: legal requirements Explosive (classification) 259 423 Exposure action values 64, Fracture mechanics 338 314–16, Fragile surfaces 134 Exposure limit values 64, 73, Frequency rate 255 75, 314–16 Fume 257 Extremely flammable (classification) 259 Gas 257 Gas incident 338 Failure mode and effect analysis Gas industry: legal requirements 167, 168 424 Fall arrest system 134 General damages 14 Fail safe 337 General fire precautions 113 Falls 53, 54, 132, 133 Generic risk assessment 339 Family division 12 Genetics: legal requirements Fatal Accidents Act 1976 14, 40 424 Fault tree analysis 168 Glazing requirements (buildings) Fire and Rescue Authorities 7, 46 24 Guidance Notes (HSE) 24, 25, Fire exit signs 84 147–51 Fire fighting and detection equipment 114 Fire instruction notice 266 Hand-arm vibration 73, 316 Fire instructions 337 Harmful (classification) 260 Fire Protection Association (FPA) Hazard 339, 340 419 Hazard and Operability Studies Fire safety (buildings) 45 (HAZOPs) 194 Fire safety books 409 Hazard checklists 205–52 Fire safety – hazard checklist Hazardous environments 80 220–2 Hazardous substances 340–2

Principle Routes of Exposure

Substances hazardous to health Workplace exposure limit Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems designed to intercept airborne contaminants at the point of, or close to, the source of generation, directing the contaminant into a system of ducting connected to an extraction fan and filtration unit. LEV systems incorporate: • a hood, enclosure or inlet to collect the agent • ductwork • a filter or air-cleaning device • a fan or other air-moving device • further ductwork to discharge clean air to the external air. LEV systems may be of the receptor, captor or low-volume high-velocity type (see individual entries). 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 356 Health and Safety Pocket Book Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 1(d) Approved codes of practice Control of substances hazardous to health 3(a) Tables and figures Airborne contaminants: comparison of particle size ranges Local exhaust ventilation systems 4. Health and Safety Glossary Containment Health risk assessment Risk control Long-term exposure limit (LTEL) LTELs for a wide range of chemical substances are listed in HSE Guidance Note EH40 Workplace exposure limits. They are con- cerned with the total intake of substances hazardous to health over long periods (8 hours), and are therefore appropriate for protecting against the effects of long-term exposure. 1(e) HSE guidance notes Workplace exposure limits Loss control Any intentional management action directed at the prevention, reduction or elimination of the pure (non-speculative) risks of business. A management system designed to reduce or eliminate all aspects of accidental loss that lead to waste of an organisa- tion’s assets. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Accident costs Total loss control Health and safety glossary 357 Low voltage This is a protective measure against electric shockThe most com- monly reduced low voltage system is the 110 volt centre point earthed system. With this system the secondary winding of the transformer providing the 110 volt supply is centre tapped to earth, thus ensuring that at no part of the 110 volt circuit can the voltage to earth exceed 55 volts. 1(c) Principal regulations Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 1(d) Memorandum of guidance Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 2(b) Hazard checklists Electrical equipment Offices and commercial premises 4. Health and Safety Glossary Intrinsically safe equipment Intrinsic safety Lux The metric unit of luminous flux or illuminance, which equates to lumens per square metre. 1(c) Principal regulations Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1(d) Approved codes of practice Workplace health, safety and welfare 3(a) Tables and figures Average illuminances and minimum measured illuminances Maximum ratios of illuminance for adjacent areas 4. Health and Safety Glossary Illuminance 358 Health and Safety Pocket Book Machinery guards Safeguarding of machinery is achieved through a combination of physical guards and safety devices. There are five main forms of machinery guard: • a fixed guard i.e. a guard which has no moving parts asso- ciated with, or dependent upon, the mechanism of any machinery, and which, when in position, prevents access to a danger point or area • an adjustable guard i.e. a guard incorporating an adjustable element which, once adjusted, remains in that position during a particular operation • a distance guard i.e. a guard which does not completely enclose a danger point or area but which places it out of normal reach • an interlocking guard i.e. a guard which has a movable part so connected with the machinery controls that: the parts of the machinery causing danger cannot be set in motion until the guard is closed the power is switched off and the motion braked before the guard can be opened sufficiently to allow access to the dangerous parts, and access to the danger point or area is denied whilst the danger exists • an automatic guard i.e. a guard which is associated with, and dependent upon, the mechanism of the machinery and operates so as to remove physically from the danger area any part of a person exposed to the danger. See cross references for Machinery hazards Machinery hazards A person may be injured at machinery through: • coming into contact with, or being trapped between, the machinery and any material in or at the machinery or any fixed structure Health and safety glossary 359 • being struck by, or becoming entangled in motion in, the machinery • being struck by parts of the machinery ejected from it • being struck by material ejected from the machinery (BS EN 292). The principal hazards associated with machinery are: • traps – reciprocating and shearing traps, and in-running nips • entanglement – with unguarded rotating parts • ejection – of items from machines • contact – with, for instance, hot surfaces 1(a) Legal background Absolute (strict) liability 1(b) Statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 1(c) Principal regulations Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 1(d) Approved codes of practice Safe use of work equipment 2(a) Health and safety in practice Planned preventive maintenance Risk assessment 2(b) Hazard checklists Maintenance work Work equipment 4. Health and Safety Glossary CE marking Contact hazard Fail-safe Fracture mechanics Inspection (work equipment) Intrinsically safe equipment Machinery guards Machinery safety devices Non-mechanical hazards Non-operational parts (machinery) 360 Health and Safety Pocket Book Operational parts (machinery) Statutory examination Statutory inspection Machinery safety devices Safety devices take the form of: • trip devices i.e. a means whereby any approach by a per- son beyond the safe limit of working machinery causes the device to actuate and stop the machinery or reverse its motion, thus preventing or minimising injury at the danger point • two-hand control devices, i.e. a device which requires both hands to operate the machinery controls, thus affording a measure of protection from danger only to the machinery operator and not other persons • overrun devices, i.e. a device which, used in conjunction with a guard, is designed to prevent access to machinery parts which are moving by their own inertia after the power supply has been interrupted so as to prevent danger • mechanical restraint devices, i.e. a device which applies mechanical restraint to a dangerous part of machinery which has been set in motion owing to failure of the machinery controls or other parts of the machinery, so as to prevent danger. See cross references for Machinery hazards Major injury A major injury is classified as: • any fracture, other than to the fingers, thumbs or toes • any amputation • dislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spine • loss of sight (whether temporary or permanent) Health and safety glossary 361 • a chemical or hot metal burn to the eye or any penetrat- ing injury to the eye • any injury resulting from electric shock or electrical burn (including any electrical burn caused by arcing or arc- ing products) leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours • any other injury: – leading to hypothermia, heat-induced illness or to unconsciousness – requiring resuscitation, or – requiring admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours • loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful substance or biological agent • either of the following conditions which result from the absorption of any substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin: – acute illness requiring medical treatment – loss of consciousness • acute illness which requires medical treatment where there is reason to believe that this resulted from exposure to a biological agent or its toxins or infected material. [Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995; Schedule 1] 1(c) Principal regulations Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 2(a) Health and safety in practice Accident costs Accident investigation procedures Major incidents Total loss control 3(a) Tables and figures Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – Reporting requirements 362 Health and Safety Pocket Book 3(b) Forms Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995: (a) Report of an injury or dangerous occurrence (Form 2508) (b) Report of a disease (Form 2508A) 4. Health and Safety Glossary Gas incident Reportable event Manual handling operations Any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or bodily force. [Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992] 1(c) Principal regulations Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 1(e) HSE guidance Manual handling 2(b) Hazard checklists Manual handling operations 3(a) Tables and figures Manual handling – lifting and lowering Manual handling operations regulations – flow chart 3(b) Forms Manual handling of loads – example of an assessment checklist 4. Health and Safety Glossary Manual handling operations Means of escape A means of escape in case of fire is a continuous route by way of a space, room, corridor, staircase, doorway or other means of pas- sage, along or through which persons can travel from wherever Health and safety glossary 363 they are in a building to the safety of the open air at ground level by their own unaided efforts. 1(c) Principal regulations Building Regulations 2000 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 2(a) Health and safety in practice Risk assessment 2(b) Hazard checklists Fire safety 4. Health and Safety Glossary Compartmentation Emergency lighting Fire instructions Near miss An unplanned and unforeseeable event that could have resulted in death, human injury, property damage or other form of loss. 3(a) Tables and figures Accident indices Accident ratios Neutralisation A control strategy for hazardous substances whereby a neutral- ising compound is added to a highly dangerous compound, e.g. acid to alkali, thereby reducing the immediate danger. Many hazardous wastes are neutralised prior to transportation. 1(c) Principal regulations Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 1(d) Approved codes of practice Control of substances hazardous to health 2(b) Hazard checklists Secondary monitoring Substances hazardous to health Target organs and target systems Threshold dose Toxicity Toxicological assessment Toxicology Health and safety glossary 369 Occupational hygiene The identification, measurement and control of contaminants and other phenomena, such as noise and radiation, which would otherwise have unacceptable adverse effects on the health of people exposed to them. The four principal areas of occupational hygiene practice are: • identification/recognition of the specific contaminant • measurement, using an appropriate measuring technique • evaluation against an existing standard e.g. Workplace Exposure Limits • prevention or control of exposure. See cross reference for Occupational health Octave band analysis A sound measurement technique which enables the way sound is distributed throughout the frequency spectrum to be identi- fied. The sound is divided into octave bands and measured at the geometric centre frequency of each band. Octave band analysis is used for assessing the risk of occupa- tional deafness, in the analysis of machinery noise and specifi- cation of remedial measures, and in the specification of certain types of hearing protection. Operational parts (machinery) Those parts which perform the primary output function of a machine, namely the manufacture of a product or component, e.g. the chuck and drill bit on a vertical drill. 1(c) Principal regulations Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 1(d) Approved codes of practice Safe use of work equipment 370 Health and Safety Pocket Book 2(a) Health and safety in practice Planned preventive maintenance Risk assessment 2(b) Hazard checklists Work equipment Organisational characteristics Organisational characteristics which influence safety-related behaviour include: • the need to produce a positive climate in which health and safety is seen by both management and employees as being fundamental to the organisation’s day-to-day operations, that is, they must create a positive safety culture; • the need to ensure that policies and systems which are devised for the control of risk from the organisation’s operations take proper account of human capabilities and fallibilities; • commitment to the achievement of progressively higher standards which is shown at the top of the organisation and cascaded through successive levels of same; • demonstration by senior management of their active involvement, thereby galvanising managers throughout the organisation into action; • leadership, whereby an environment is created which encourages safe behaviour. [Reducing error and influencing behaviour – HS(G)48] 1(c) Principal regulations Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 1(d) Approved codes of practice Management of health and safety at work 1(e) HSE guidance notes Reducing error and influencing behaviour Successful health and safety management Health and safety glossary 371 2(a) Health and safety in practice Statements of health and safety policy Successful health and safety management 3(a) Tables and figures Key elements of successful health and safety management 4. Health and Safety Glossary Auditing Human factors Job design Joint consultation Risk avoidance Risk control Risk reduction Risk retention Risk transfer Safety culture Permit to work A form of safe system of work operated where there is a high degree of foreseeable risk. A formal safety control system designed to prevent accidental injury to personnel, damage to plant, premises and particu- larly when work with a foreseeably high hazard content is undertaken and the precautions required are numerous and complex. 1(b) The principal statutes Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 1(c) Regulations Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 2(a) Health and safety in practice Competent persons Safe systems of work 372 Health and Safety Pocket Book 2(b) Hazard checklists Electrical equipment Maintenance work Radiation hazards 4. Health and Safety Glossary Confined space Hot work Job safety analysis Personal protective equipment (PPE) All equipment (including clothing affording protection against the weather) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work and which protects him against one or more risks to his health and safety, and any addition or accessory designed to meet this objective. [Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992] [Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002] Any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards; and shall also include: • a unit constituted by several devices or appliances which have been integrally combined by the manufacturer for the protection of an individual against one or more potentially simultaneous risks; • a protective device or appliance combined, separably or inseparably, with non-protective equipment worn or held by an individual for the execution of a specific activity; and • interchangeable components which are essential to its satisfactory functioning and used exclusively for such equipment. [Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002] 1(c) Principal regulations Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 Health and safety glossary 373 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 1(e) HSE guidance notes Personal protective equipment at work 2(b) Hazard checklists Noise Personal protective equipment 3(a) Tables and figures Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 – Specimen risk survey table for the use of personal protect- ive equipment Place of safety Generally interpreted as a location in the open air where people can freely walk away from a building and not be affected by heat or smoke from a fire in that building. 1(c) Principal regulations Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Prescribed disease A disease may be prescribed if: (a) it ought to be treated, having regard to its causes and incidence and other relevant considerations, as a risk of occupation and not a risk common to all persons; and (b) it is such that, in the absence of special circumstances, the attribution of particular cases to the nature of the employ- ment can be established with reasonable certainty. [Social Security Act 1975] 374 Health and Safety Pocket Book Current requirements relating to prescribed occupational dis- eases are covered by the Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Pre- scribed Diseases) Regulations 1985 and various amendments to these Regulations. 1(b) The principal statutes Social Security Act 1975 Primary monitoring An area of occupational health practice dealing with the clin- ical observation of sick people who may seek advice and/or treatment. 2(a) Health and safety in practice Health records Health surveillance 3(a) Tables and figures Hazardous substances that can be revealed by medical analysis 3(b) Forms Occupational health: (a) Pre-employment health questionnaire (b) Health questionnaire (c) Food handler’s clearance certificate (d) Fitness certificate 4. Health and Safety Glossary Absorption Acute effect