Labelling

SECTION 2: Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

2.2. Label elements 2.3. Other hazards SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.1. Substances 3.2. Mixtures SECTION 4: First aid measures 4.1. Description of first aid measures 4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed 4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed SECTION 5: Firefighting measures 5.1. Extinguishing media 5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture 5.3. Advice for firefighters Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) SECTION 6: Accidental release measure 6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures 6.2. Environmental precautions 6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up 6.4. Reference to other sections SECTION 7: Handling and storage 7.1. Precautions for safe handling 7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities 7.3. Specific end use(s) SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection 8.1. Control parameters 8.2. Exposure controls SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties 9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties 9.2. Other information SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity 10.1. Reactivity 10.2. Chemical stability 10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions 10.4. Conditions to avoid 10.5. Incompatible materials 10.6. Hazardous decomposition products SECTION 11: Toxicological information 11.1. Information on toxicological effects SECTION 12: Ecological information 12.1. Toxicity 12.2. Persistence and degradability 12.3. Bioaccumulative potential 12.4. Mobility in soil 12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessment Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 12.6. Other adverse effects SECTION 13: Disposal considerations 13.1. Waste treatment methods SECTION 14: Transport information 14.1. UN number 14.2. UN proper shipping name 14.3. Transport hazard class(es) 14.4. Packing group 14.5. Environmental hazards 14.6. Special precautions for user 14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL and the IBC Code SECTION 15: Regulatory information 15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture 15.2. Chemical safety assessment SECTION 16: Other information 16.2. Date of the latest revision of the SDS 9.2.2. NFPA diamond hazard rating system NFPA 704 is a standard developed by the National Fire Protection Association, USA, first launched as a guide in 1960s. It has since developed to add different chemicals and the hazard rating system is now used as a standard in many other countries besides the USA. The labeling system helps personnel involved in its handling and other emergency personnel understand the hazards of the material. In turn, this ensures safe handling methods thus preventing accidents, and in the event of an emergency event involving the material, helps emergency response personnel take proper actions (in terms of special equipment, protection and procedures) and tackle the situation in a safe manner. The NFPA 704 Diamond is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant of the diamond has a special meaning and is color-coded as shown in the figure below. The top quadrant is coded red for fire hazard, the right quadrant is coded yellow for chemical reactivity, the left quadrant is coded blue for health hazards, and the bottom quadrant is white and contains information about special hazards of the particular chemical e.g. radioactive or water- reactive hazard. Each colored quadrant is also numbered for the degree of hazard from zero to four. Detailed definition of each level is indicated in the standard. For understanding, a simple explanation of these levels is however reproduced below. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) The NFPA Hazard Rating Diamond Source: http://carcirca.com/nfpa-704 Fig 2. Brief Explanation of NFPA Hazard Rating Levels & Symbols Source: http://sonomacounty.ca.gov/FES/Fire-Prevention/Bulletin-NFPA-704/ Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 9.2.3. The UN (TDG) classification Another commonly applied identification and classification method for hazardous materials is the one developed by the United Nations. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) issues the UN recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG), which forms the basis for most regional, national, and international regulatory schemes for hazardous materials. Many countries have adopted the most widely applied regulatory scheme for hazardous materials, i.e., the classification applied for the transportation of dangerous goods. Under the TDG, the primary identification and division of hazardous materials into groups is given below. These are divided into 9 classes, which are further sub-divided, based on different properties and effects of the materials. Below is the TDG Classification and Symbols used for Hazardous Materials Class 1: Explosives  Division 1.1 - Explosives with a mass explosion hazard  Division 1.2 - Explosives with a projection hazard  Division 1.3 - Explosives with predominantly a fire hazard  Division 1.4 - Explosives with no significant blast hazard  Division 1.5 - Very insensitive explosives  Division 1.6 - Extremely insensitive explosive articles Class 2: Gases  Division 2.1 - Flammable gases  Division 2.2 - Nonflammable gases  Division 2.3 - Poison gas Class 3: Flammable liquids  Division 3.1 - Flashpoint below - 18oC  Division 3.2 - Flashpoint -18oC and above, but less than 23oC  Division 3.3 - Flashpoint 23oC and up to 61oC Class 4: Flammable solids  Division 4.1 - Flammable solids  Division 4.2 - Spontaneously combustible materials  Division 4.3 - Materials dangerous when wet  Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides  Division 5.1 - Oxidizers  Division 5.2 - Organic peroxides Class 6: Poisons and etiologic materials  Division 6.1 - Poisonous materials  Division 6.2 - Infectious materials Class 7: Radioactive materials  Any material, or combination of materials, that spontaneously gives off ionizing radiation (specific activity > 0.002 microcuries per gm). Class 8: Corrosives  A material, liquid or solid, that causes visible destruction or irreversible alteration to human skin or a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Class 9: Miscellaneous  A material which presents a hazard during transport, but which is not included in any other hazard class (such as a hazardous substance or a hazardous waste). 9.2.4. The EIP marking for vehicles Within the country, marking of road vehicles carrying hazardous materials is mandatory as per Rule 134 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989. This is in the form of Emergency Information Panel (EIP). This has to be displayed at three places, i.e., the two sides and the rear of the vehicle. Additionally, a class label is required to be displayed at the front of the vehicle. The information provided in the EIP, as well as minimum dimensions are as given below:  The correct technical name of the dangerous or hazardous goods in letters not less than 50 mm high.  The United Nations class number for the dangerous goods in letters not less than 100 mm high (Rule 137).  The class label of the dangerous or hazardous goods in the size of not less than 250 mm square.  The name and telephone number of the emergency services to be contacted in the event of fire or any other accident in letters and numerals that are not less than 50 mm high and the name and telephone number of the consignor of the dangerous or hazardous goods or of some other person from whom expert information and advice can be obtained concerning the measures that should be taken in the event of emergency. This information is very important for emergency services who respond to an incident involving the vehicle. It gives them basic information about the material properties, the firefighting action to be taken (firefighting agent that is applicable), other emergency actions (such as evacuation requirement at incident site) and contact numbers for specialist advice. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Examples of Emergency Information Panels Source: http://www.australiansafetysigns.net.au/collections/emergency-information-panels The Hazchem code used in the Emergency Information Panel, provides useful information to emergency responders information on the type of procedures to be followed, personal protection (BA sets) required, suitability of firefighting agents and other emergency actions (e.g. evacuation), etc. An interpretation of the alphabets/numbers used for the Hazchem code is given below- Interpretation of Hazchem code used in Emergency Information Panels Source: http://www.hrdp-idrm.in/e5783/e17327/e17819/e28050/ 9.3. Flammable gases & liquids Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Storage, processing and transport of flammable liquids and gases present the risk of fires and explosions. A threefold strategy is used to prevent or limit the potential damage from fires and explosions:  prevent flammable mixture  prevent the initiation of the fire or explosion  minimize the damage after a fire or explosion has occurred. 9.3.1. Risk control methods for flammable liquids & gases Various methods to prevent fires and explosions are described below: (1) Inerting Inerting is the process of adding an inert gas to a combustible mixture to reduce the concentration of oxygen below the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC). The inert gas is usually nitrogen or carbon dioxide, although steam is sometimes used. For many gases the LOC is approximately 10% and for many dusts it is approximately 8%. Inerting begins with an initial purge of the vessel with inert gas to bring the oxygen concentration down to safe concentrations. A commonly used control point is 4% below the LOC, that is, 6% oxygen if the LOC is 10%. After the empty vessel has been inerted, the flammable material is charged. An inerting system is required to maintain an inert atmosphere in the vapor space above the liquid. Ideally this system should include an automatic inert gas addition feature to control the oxygen concentration below the LOC. This control system should have an analyzer to continuously monitor the oxygen concentration in relationship to the LOC and a controlled inert gas feed system to add inert gas when the oxygen concentration approaches the LOC. (2) Controlling static electricity A common ignition source within chemical plants is sparks resulting from static charge buildup and sudden discharge. Static electricity is perhaps the most elusive of ignition sources. Despite considerable efforts, serious explosions and fires caused by static ignition continue to plague the chemical process industry. The best design methods for preventing this type of ignition source are developed by understanding the fundamentals relevant to static charge and by using these fundamentals to design specific features within a plant to prevent the accumulation of static charge or to recognize situations where the buildup of static electricity is inevitable and unavoidable. For unavoidable static buildup, design features are added to continuously and reliably inert the atmosphere around the regions where static sparks are likely. (3) Ventilation Proper ventilation is another method used to prevent fires and explosions. The purpose of ventilation is to dilute the explosive vapors with air to prevent explosion and to confine the hazardous flammable mixtures. Open-air plants are recommended because the average wind velocities are high enough to safely dilute volatile chemical leaks that may exist within a plant. Although safety precautions are always practiced minimizing leaks, accidental releases from pump seals and other potential release points may occur. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) (4) Explosion-proof equipment and instruments All electrical devices are inherent ignition sources. Special design features are required to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors and dusts. The fire and explosion hazard is directly proportional to the number and type of electrically powered devices in a process area. Process areas are divided into two major types of environments: XP and non-XP.  XP, for explosion proof, means flammable materials (particularly vapors) might be present at certain times.  Non-XP means that flammable materials are not present, even under abnormal conditions. For non-XP designated areas open flames, heated elements, and other sources of ignition may be present. 9.3.2. Miscellaneous design features for preventing fires and explosions The successful prevention of fires and explosions in chemical plants require a combination of many design techniques. An indicative list, is given below to illustrate that safety technology is relatively complex, its appropriate application requires significant knowledge and experience and to also serve as a checklist for engineers to help them include the critical features for preventing fires and explosions: Maintenance programs: A good Fire proofing: Insulate vessels, pipes and maintenance program will help to prevent structures to minimize damage resulting the release of flammable gases and liquids. from fires. Add deluge systems and design to withstand some damage from fires and explosions. Control rooms: Design control rooms to Water supplies: Provide supply for withstand explosions maximum demand. Consider many deluge systems running simultaneously. Diesel engine pumps are recommended. Control valves for deluge: Place control Separate units: Separate (space) plants on valves well away from process areas. a site and separate unit within plants. Provide access from two sides. Manual fire protection: Install hydrants, Utilities: Design steam, water, electricity monitors and deluge systems. and air supplies to be available during emergencies. Place sub stations away from process areas. Personnel areas: Locate personnel areas Isolation valves: Install isolation valves away from hazardous process and storage for safe shutdowns, in safe and accessible areas. locations. 9.4. Hazards of heat exposure during fires Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Heat exposure causes the following illnesses:20  Heat rashes are tiny red spots on the skin which cause a prickling sensation during heat exposure. The spots are the result of inflammation caused when the ducts of sweat glands become plugged.  Heat exhaustion is caused by loss of body water and salt through excessive sweating. Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include: heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, visual disturbances, intense thirst, nausea, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, breathlessness, palpitations, tingling and numbness of the hands and feet. Recovery occurs after resting in a cool area and consuming cool drinks (e.g., water, clear juice, or a sports drink).  Heat syncope is heat-induced dizziness and fainting induced by temporarily insufficient flow of blood to the brain while a person is standing. It occurs mostly among un-acclimatized people. It is caused by the loss of body fluids through sweating and by lowered blood pressure due to pooling of blood in the legs. Recovery is rapid after rest in a cool area.  Heat stroke is the most serious type of heat illness. Signs of heat stroke include body temperature often greater than 41°C, and complete or partial loss of consciousness. Sweating is not a good sign of heat stress as there are two types of heat stroke - "classical" where there is little or no sweating (usually occurs in children, persons who are chronically ill, and the elderly), and "exertional" where body temperature rises because of strenuous exercise or work and sweating is usually present. Heat stroke requires immediate first aid and medical attention. Delayed treatment may result in death. 9.4.1. Burn injuries There are three types of burns:  First-degree burns (superficial burns) are mild compared to other burns. They cause pain and reddening of the epidermis (outer layer of the skin).  Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect the epidermis and the dermis (lower layer of skin). They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.  Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) go through the dermis and affect deeper tissues. They result in white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb.  Fourth-degree burns go even deeper than third-degree burns and can affect your muscles and bones. Nerve endings are also damaged or destroyed, so there’s no feeling in the burned area. 20 Source of icons – The Noun Project Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Depending on how bad the burn is, some people may go into shock. Symptoms of shock may include pale and clammy skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails and a drop in alertness. 9.5. Hazards of cryogenic liquids Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that are kept in their liquid state at very low temperatures. The word "cryogenic" means "producing, or related to, low temperatures," and all cryogenic liquids are extremely cold. Cryogenic liquids have boiling points below -150°C (- 238°F) (Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which have slightly higher boiling points are sometimes included in this category). All cryogenic liquids are gases at normal temperatures and pressures. These gases must be cooled below room temperature before an increase in pressure can liquefy them. Different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressure, but all have two properties in common: they are extremely cold and small amounts of liquid can expand into very large volumes of gas. Each cryogenic liquid has its own specific properties, but most cryogenic liquids can be placed into one of three groups, as mentioned below: Inert gases: Inert gases do not react chemically to any great extent. They do not burn or support combustion. Examples of this group are nitrogen, helium, neon, argon and krypton. Flammable gases: Some cryogenic liquids produce a gas that can burn in air. The most common examples are hydrogen, methane and liquefied natural gas. Oxygen: Many materials considered as non-combustible can burn in the presence of liquid oxygen. Organic materials can react explosively with liquid oxygen. The hazards and handling precautions of liquid oxygen must therefore be considered separately from other cryogenic liquids. ` There are three groups of health hazards associated with cryogenic liquids: extreme cold, asphyxiation, and toxicity. 9.5.1. Extreme cold hazard  Cryogenic liquids and their associated cold vapors and gases can produce effects on the skin similar to a thermal burn. Brief exposures that would not affect skin on the face or hands can damage delicate tissues such as the eyes. Prolonged exposure of the skin or contact with cold surfaces can cause frostbite. The skin appears waxy yellow. There is no initial pain, but there is intense pain when frozen tissue thaws.  Unprotected skin can stick to metal that is cooled by cryogenic liquids. The skin can then tear when pulled away. Even non-metallic materials Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) are dangerous to touch at low temperatures. Prolonged breathing of extremely cold air may damage the lungs. 9.5.2. Asphyxiation hazard  When cryogenic liquids form a gas, the gas is very cold and usually heavier than air. This cold, heavy gas does not disperse very well and can accumulate near the floor. Even if the gas is non-toxic, it displaces air. When there is not enough air or oxygen, asphyxiation and death can occur. Oxygen deficiency is a serious hazard in enclosed or confined spaces.  Small amounts of liquid can evaporate into very large volumes of gas. For example, one litre of liquid nitrogen vapourizes to 695 litres of nitrogen gas when warmed to room temperature (21°C). 9.5.3. Toxic hazards  Each gas can cause specific health effects. For example, liquid carbon monoxide can release large quantities of carbon monoxide gas, which can cause death almost immediately. 9.6. Some common hazardous chemicals 9.6.1. Hydrogen Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable nontoxic gas which is flammable over a wide range of concentrations. Some of the unique hydrogen properties that contribute to potential hazards (flammability and explosivity) are: i. Hydrogen is combustible over a wide range of concentrations. At atmospheric pressure, hydrogen is combustible at concentrations from 4% to 74.2% by volume. ii. Hydrogen has very low ignition energy. iii. Hydrogen burns with a non-luminous flame which can be invisible under bright light. iv. Due to its small molecular size, Hydrogen can easily pass through porous materials and has the ability to be absorbed by some containment materials. This can eventually result in loss of ductility or embrittlement (this reduces performance of some containment and piping materials such as carbon steel). Loss of ductility/embrittlement is accelerated at elevated temperatures. General Precautions When Handling Hydrogen Gas Points to remember when dealing with hydrogen: i. Regulators designed specifically for hydrogen should only be used. In case broken, the connections should not be forced to fit together. o Cracking hydrogen cylinder valves to remove dust or dirt from fittings should be avoided (though acceptable for other gases), as they could result to self-ignition ii. Hydrogen gas cylinders must be secured in an upright position to avoid being knocked over. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) iii. Use leak-checking equipment to periodically check for hydrogen leaks, eliminate from your lab as many ignition sources as possible (e.g. open flames, devices that can spark, sources of static electricity) during manipulation of hydrogen gas. iv. Before moving Hydrogen gas cylinders from their secured location, replace regulators with protective valve caps. Never roll, drop or lift cylinders by their protective caps. v. Hydrogen gas cylinders must be separated from oxidizing gases during storage and use by a distance of at least 20 ft (NFPA). Protect cylinders against heat and direct sunlight. vi. Hydrogen can leak from apertures through which other gases cannot pass due to its small molecular size. Always ensure that there is adequate ventilation to handle the largest anticipated hydrogen leaks or spills. Ventilation with large quantities of air will dilute small hydrogen leaks to below the lower flammable limit of 4% in air. vii. Use of flammable gas detection alarm systems is recommended, place alarms in close vicinity to areas of anticipated leakage. Alarms will be triggered if a specified concentration of Hydrogen gas is exceeded providing early warning for possible leaks. Ensure that alarms / flammable gas detection systems are calibrated regularly as per manufacturer’s recommendations. viii. A flammable gas detector alarm system does not prevent leaks from occurring or indicate what actions to take, lab personnel must be trained by their PI on safe work practices and proper emergence response actions. 9.6.2. Oxygen Oxygen behaves differently to air, compressed air, nitrogen and other inert gases. The air we breathe contains about 21% oxygen. Even a small increase in the oxygen level in the air – to just 24%, can create a dangerous situation where:  it becomes easier to start a fire, which will then burn hotter and more fiercely than in normal air;  it may be almost impossible to put the fire out. It is also very reactive. Pure oxygen, at high pressure – such as from a cylinder – can react violently with common materials, such as oil and grease. Other materials may catch fire spontaneously. Nearly all materials, including textiles, rubber and even metals, will burn vigorously in oxygen. A leaking valve or hose in a poorly ventilated room or confined space can quickly increase the oxygen concentration to a dangerous level. Causes of oxygen fires and explosions The main causes of fires and explosions when using oxygen are: Use of oxygen in Incorrect or Oxygen enrichment Use of materials equipment not careless operation from leaking not compatible equipment with oxygen designed for of oxygen oxygen service equipment (1) Oxygen enrichment Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Oxygen enrichment is the term often used to describe situations where the oxygen level is greater than in air. Oxygen is colourless, odourless and tasteless. The human senses cannot easily detect the presence of an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Oxygen enrichment results from:  leaks from damaged or poorly maintained hoses, pipes and valves;  leaks from poor connections;  opening valves deliberately or accidentally;  not closing valves properly after use;  using an excess of oxygen in welding, flame cutting or similar processes;  poor ventilation where oxygen is being used. Preventing oxygen enrichment  keep oxygen equipment in good condition;  take care when using it;  ensure good ventilation;  Oxygen enrichment can also result from the misuse of oxygen. Never use oxygen for: o cooling or refreshing the air in confined spaces; o dusting benches, machinery or clothing. The main danger to people from an oxygen-enriched atmosphere is that clothing or hair can easily catch fire, causing serious or even fatal burns. For example, people can easily set their clothing and bedding on fire by smoking while receiving oxygen treatment for breathing difficulties. Always forbid smoking where oxygen is being used. 9.6.3. Phosphorus Phosphorus is a toxic substance produced from phosphate-containing rocks. It is a white to yellow transparent, waxy crystalline solid that turns dark on exposure to light. White phosphorus is used industrially to manufacture chemicals used in fertilizers, food additives and cleaning compounds. It has been used in the past as a pesticide and in fireworks. It is used by the military in various types of ammunition as an incendiary agent (because it spontaneously catches fire in air) and as a smoke agent (because it produces clouds of irritating white smoke). It has a match-like or garlic-like, acrid odor, but odor should not be depended on for detection of white phosphorus. (1) Chemical dangers  Phosphorus spontaneously ignites on contact with air, producing toxic fumes (phosphorus oxides).  Phosphorus reacts violently with oxidants, halogens, some metals, nitrites, sulfur and many other compounds, causing a fire and explosion hazard.  Phosphorus reacts with strong bases to produce toxic phosphine gas. (2) Explosion hazards Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Phosphorus reacts violently with oxidants, halogens, some metals, nitrites, sulfur and many other compounds, causing an explosion hazard.  Upper and lower explosive (flammable) limits in air are not available for white phosphorus. 9.6.4. Sulphur Sulphur is a multivalent non-metal, abundant, tasteless and odorless. In its native form, sulphur is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature it occurs as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Although sulphur is infamous for its smell, frequently compare to rotten eggs, that odor is actually characteristic of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). (1) Health effects Elemental sulphur is not toxic, but many simple sulphur derivates are, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur can be found commonly in nature as sulphides. During several processes sulfur bonds are added to the environment that are damaging to animals, as well as humans. These damaging sulphur bonds are also shaped in nature during various reactions, mostly when substances that are not naturally present have already been added. They are unwanted because of their unpleasant smells and are often highly toxic. Sulphuric substances can have the following effects on human health: Neurological effects and Disturbance of blood behavioral changes circulation Heart damage Effects on eyes and eyesight Reproductive failure Damage to immune systems Stomach and gastrointestinal Damage to liver and kidney Hearing defects disorder functions Disturbance of the hormonal Dermatological effects Suffocation and lung metabolism embolism 9.6.5. Chlorine Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in some household products. Chlorine is sometimes also prevalent in the form of a poisonous gas. Chlorine gas can be pressurized and cooled to change it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and stored. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly. Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent, irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. The strong smell may provide adequate warning to people that they are exposed. Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color. Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can react explosively or form explosive compounds with other chemicals such as turpentine and ammonia. (1) Hazards of chlorine People’s risk for exposure depends on how close they are to the place where chlorine was released. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  If chlorine gas is released into the air, people may be exposed through skin contact or eye contact. They also may be exposed by breathing air that contains chlorine.  If chlorine liquid is released into water, people may be exposed by touching or drinking water that contains chlorine.  If chlorine liquid comes into contact with food, people may be exposed by eating the contaminated food. Chlorine gas is heavier than air, so it would settle in low-lying areas. The extent of poisoning caused by chlorine depends on the amount of chlorine a person is exposed to, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure. When chlorine gas comes into contact with moist tissues such as the eyes, throat, and lungs, an acid is produced that can damage these tissues. (2) Immediate signs and symptoms of chlorine exposure During or immediately after exposure to dangerous concentrations of chlorine, the following signs and symptoms may develop:  Blurred vision  Burning pain, redness, and blisters on the skin if exposed to gas. Skin injuries similar to frostbite can occur if it is exposed to liquid chlorine  Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and eyes  Coughing, Chest tightness  Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. May appear immediately if high concentrations of chlorine gas are inhaled or may be delayed if low concentrations are inhaled.  Fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) that may be delayed for a few hours  Nausea and vomiting  Watery eyes  Wheezing Long-term complications may occur after breathing-in high concentrations of chlorine. Complications are more likely to be seen in people who develop severe health problems such as fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) following the initial exposure. No antidote exists for chlorine exposure. Treatment consists of removing the chlorine from the body as soon as possible and providing supportive medical care such as inhaled breathing treatments for wheezing in a hospital setting. 9.6.6. Fluorine Fluorine is a pale yellow gas with a pungent odor. It is commonly shipped as a cryogenic liquid. It is toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Contact with skin in lower than lethal concentrations causes chemical burns. It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) oxygen. It is corrosive to most common materials. It reacts with most combustible materials to the point that ignition occurs. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may violently rupture and rocket. Important hazardous properties are:  Strong Oxidizing Agent  Water-Reactive Water vapor will react combustibly with Fluorine; an explosive reaction occurs between liquid fluorine and ice, after an intermediate induction period. If liquid air, which has stood for some time is treated with Fluorine, a precipitate is formed which is likely to explode. Explosive material is thought to be Fluorine Hydrate. It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and oxygen. Fire Hazards include ignition of other combustible materials like wood, paper, oil, etc. Mixture with fuels may explode. Container may explode in heat of fire. Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Poisonous gas is produced in fire. Avoid contact with all oxidizable materials, including organic materials. Will react violently with water and most organic materials to produce heat and toxic fumes. It is poisonous and may be fatal if inhaled. Vapors are extremely irritating. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Chronic absorption may cause osteosclerosis and calcification of ligaments. 9.6.7. Acetylene Acetylene is a compressed gas that is commonly used in conjunction with compressed oxygen to fuel torches used for various tasks. Acetylene poses unique hazards based on its high flammability, instability and unique storage and transportation requirements. Acetylene is highly unstable. High pressure or temperatures can result in decomposition that can result in fire or explosion. Acetylene cylinders must never be transported or stored in a closed vehicle. There are several documented explosions that have occurred due to the buildup of acetylene vapors inside of a vehicle. Acetylene is extremely flammable and slightly lighter than air. Acetylene ignites easily and burn with an extremely hot bright flame giving off black smoke. Flammability limits in air; are between 2.5 and 82% by volume. Highly explosive mixtures can be formed in air in this range. Acetylene cylinders do not contain compressed or liquefied acetylene; instead they contain acetylene gas dissolved in acetone that is absorbed onto a porous mass within the cylinder. The porous mass inhibits the decomposition reaction, providing time for emergency action in the event of a mishap. Decomposition of acetylene is usually triggered by heat, whether the cylinder is involved in a fire, scorched by flames from a torch, or involved in a flashback. (1) Fire and explosion hazards Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) All pressurized cylinders regardless of their contents are at greatest risk of failure whilst being subjected to direct-flame contact. If a cylinder filled with compressed acetylene gas is exposed to a flashback, starts to warm up or vibrate, or if such a cylinder was involved in a fire; its contents may began to decompose. This process can become self-sustaining causing the cylinder to explode, in some cases hours after the initiating event. Such cylinders pose a risk to anyone in their vicinity and it is strongly advised that they should not be approached until they are made safe. It is recommended that an area of 200 meters around the heated cylinder is evacuated immediately and the Fire Service is called straight away. It is clear that the hazards caused by a catastrophic failure of an acetylene cylinder will put both members of the public and operational personnel in the vicinity of the incident at risk. Experience has shown that the outcomes of each of the above effects can lead to a range of injuries including fatalities, blast injuries, flash burns, permanent hearing damage, bruising and post-incident trauma. The types of incidents that may involve acetylene cylinders vary widely. It is possible for the cylinder itself to be in the open, in a vehicle, building or partially/ completely buried in debris. It may be that the incident itself will require the fire service to take some action to save life or prevent the spread of fire. In some cases, it may not always be evident that there are acetylene cylinders involved. Even if it is known or suspected that they are, it is not always possible to ascertain the exact number and location of the cylinders, for example a workshop where the cylinders are moved around on a trolley. The immediate hazards of a fire involving acetylene cylinders are the same as for any gas cylinder. The difference is in the cooling off period required subsequent to extinguishing the fire. 9.6.8. LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a colorless odorless liquid, consisting of a mix of butane & propane, which readily evaporates into a gas. Normally an odorant is added to it to help detect leaks. It is generally stored and distributed as a liquid and it is widely used for process and space heating, cooking and automotive propulsion. It is classified as highly flammable and if it contains more than 0.1% Butadiene, it is also classified as a carcinogen and mutagen. LPG is non-corrosive but can dissolve lubricants, certain plastics or synthetic rubbers. LPG can cause cold burns to the skin and it can act as an asphyxiant at high concentrations. (1) Fire and explosion hazards LPG may leak as a gas or a liquid. If the liquid leaks it will quickly evaporate and form a relatively large cloud of gas which will drop to the ground, as it is heavier than air. Gas may accumulate in low or confined areas or travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back, causing fire or explosion. If containers are exposed to a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and the container may burst, with the risk of a subsequent explosion (termed a BLEVE). Response to incidents involve prompt isolation of the scene by removing all persons from the vicinity of the incident if there is a fire. Move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If involved in fire, Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk. If this is impossible, withdraw from area and allow fire to burn. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. Every precaution must be taken to keep containers cool to avoid the possibility of a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). In the event of leak, all ignition sources must be eliminated and emergency personnel must be contacted immediately. The leak may be stopped if without risk. Spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment should be used. The method and equipment used must be in conformance with appropriate regulations and industry practice on explosive atmospheres. Where appropriate, water spray to disperse the gas or vapor and to protect personnel attempting to stop leakage must be used. 9.6.9. Ammonia Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp, penetrating, intensely irritating odor and is a colorless liquid under pressure. It is not considered a flammable gas. However, a large and intense energy source may cause ignition and/ or explosion. Ammonia gas can decompose at high temperatures forming very flammable hydrogen and toxic nitrogen dioxide. It is a compressed gas and a confined space explosion and toxicity hazard. Ammonia gas is also a corrosive gas and may be fatal if inhaled. Ammonia gas may cause lung injury, and the liquefied gas can cause frostbite and corrosive injury to eyes and skin. Ammonia gas is a severe respiratory tract irritant.  Most people can detect it by smell at 0.6 to 53 ppm.  Nose and throat irritation may be noticed at concentrations as low as 24 ppm after 2-6 hours exposure.  A 10-minute exposure to 30 ppm may be faintly irritating to some, while 50 ppm may be found to be moderately irritating by most.  A 5-minute exposure to 72 or 134 ppm will cause irritation of the nose and throat for most people.  At 500 ppm, immediate and severe irritation of nose, and throat occurs.  Brief exposure to concentrations above 1500 ppm can cause pulmonary edema, a potentially fatal accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Numerous cases of fatal ammonia exposure have been reported, but actual exposure levels have not been well documented. If the victim survives, complete recovery may occur depending on the extent of injury to the respiratory tract and lungs. However, long-term respiratory system and lung disorders have been observed following severe short-term exposures to ammonia. The TWA established by ACGIH for ammonia is 25 ppm. The STEL is 35 ppm. (1) Fire and explosion hazards Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Accidental releases pose a serious fire or explosion hazard. The following directives should be referred to:  No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.  Evacuate surrounding areas.  Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from entering.  Shut off all ignition sources.  No flares, smoking or flames in hazard area.  Do not breathe gas.  Provide adequate ventilation.  Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate.  Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.  Promptly isolate the scene by removing all persons from the vicinity of the incident if there is a fire.  Move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk.  Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk.  If this is impossible, withdraw from area and allow fire to burn.  Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. 9.6.10. Oxidizers Oxidizing materials are liquids or solids that readily give off oxygen or other oxidizing substances (such as bromine, chlorine or fluorine). They also include materials that react chemically to oxidize combustible (burnable) materials; this means that oxygen combines chemically with the other material in a way that increases the chance of a fire or explosion. This reaction may be spontaneous at either room temperature or may occur under slight heating. Oxidizing liquids and solids can be severe fire and explosion hazards. Common oxidizing liquids and solids include: Bromine Bromates Chlorinated Chlorates Chromates Isocyanurates Dichromates Hydroperoxides Hypochlorites Inorganic Ketone Peroxides Nitrates Nitric Acid Nitrites Perborates Perchlorates Perchloric Acid Periodates Permanganates Peroxides Peroxyacids Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Persulphates There are other chemicals that are oxidizing materials. For example, liquid air has been involved in many explosions because of its oxidizing properties. Liquid air itself has about 30% oxygen which makes it a powerful oxidant. However, when liquid air evaporates, it becomes richer in oxygen content when more volatile components evaporate slightly faster. Liquid nitrogen is safer and is preferred to liquid oxygen as a cryogenic liquid coolant. It is wise to treat any unknown material, especially crystals in solvents known to form a peroxide (e.g., ethers), as very hazardous until it is positively identified. Oxidizing materials can:  speed up the development of a fire and make it more intense.  cause substances that do not normally burn readily in air to burn rapidly.  cause combustible materials to burn spontaneously without the presence of obvious. ignition sources such as a spark or flame. What happens when an oxidizing material comes in contact with a combustible substance largely depends on the chemical stability of the oxidizing material. The less stable an oxidizing material is, the greater the chance that it will react in a dangerous way. (1) Classification of oxidizers The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 430 "Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers" has classified oxidizing materials according to their ability to cause spontaneous combustion and how much they can increase the burning rate. Class 1 An oxidizer that does not moderately increase the burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes into contact. Class 1 oxidizers:  slightly increase the burning rate of combustible materials.  do not cause spontaneous ignition when they come in contact with them. Class 2 An oxidizer that causes a moderate increase in the burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes into contact. Class 2 oxidizers:  increase the burning rate of combustible materials moderately with which they come in contact.  may cause spontaneous ignition when in contact with a combustible material. Class 3 Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) An oxidizer that causes a severe increase in the burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes into contact. Class 3oxidizers:  severely increase the burning rate of combustible materials with which they come in contact.  will cause sustained and vigorous decomposition if contaminated with a combustible material or if exposed to sufficient heat. Class 4 An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reaction due to contamination or exposure to thermal or physical shock and that causes a severe increase in the burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes into contact. Class 4 oxidizers:  can explode when in contact with certain contaminants.  can explode if exposed to slight heat, shock, or friction.  will increase the burning rate of combustibles.  can cause combustibles to ignite spontaneously. (2) Fire and explosion hazards involving oxidizers Burning involves the oxidation of a combustible (burnable) substance. When a combustible substance burns, a chemical reaction occurs in which the substance (fuel) combines with oxygen and gives off heat, gases, and often light (flames). The usual source of oxygen for burning is air. However, oxidizing materials can supply combustible substances with oxygen and support a fire even when air is not present. Although most oxidizing materials do not burn themselves, they can produce very flammable or explosive mixtures when combined with combustible materials like: Other oxidizable substances Organic (carbon- such as hydrazine, containing) materials such hydrogen, hydrides, sulphur as paper, wood, flammable and combustible liquids, Finely divided metals or sulphur compounds, phosphorous, silicon and greases, waxes, many ammonia or ammonia plastics and textiles compounds Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Some oxidizing materials are also incompatible with non-combustible materials. These oxidizers can undergo dangerous reactions with water, inorganic acids or even other oxidizing materials. The MSDS for a particular oxidizing material should explain what other substances the oxidizer is incompatible with (reacts in a dangerous fashion) and any other conditions, such as heat, shock or friction, that could result in dangerous chemical reactions. (3) Health hazards Oxidizing materials may be toxic or corrosive. Depending on the material, route of exposure (inhalation, eye or skin contact, or swallowing) and dose, they could harm the body. Corrosive oxidizers can also attack and destroy metal. The MSDS and the container labels should explain all of the hazards of the oxidizing materials that you use in the workplace. An example is ammonium perchlorate. This material is white or colourless, odourless and in the form of crystals. It is used in explosives and fireworks; as an oxidizing agent in solid rocket and missile propellants; as an adhesive; as an engraving agent; laboratory (analytical) reagent; chemical intermediate for alkali and alkaline metal perchlorates; animal feed supplement; and in oxygen-generating devices for life-support systems in submarines, spacecraft, bomb shelters and breathing apparatus. Ammonium perchlorate can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases, such as chlorine, hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides. Closed containers or tanks may rupture and explode if heated. It does not burn but is a powerful oxidizer and explosive when mixed with combustible materials. It is highly reactive and impact or high temperatures can cause violent decomposition or explosion. It can form shock-sensitive mixtures with finely powdered metals, metal oxides, strong reducing agents, sulphur and phosphorus. It may also cause eye irritation. 9.7. Corrosive materials The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 400 "Hazardous Material Code” defines corrosive materials as a chemical that causes visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Corrosives materials can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues. Corrosives can also damage or even destroy metal. They begin to cause damage as soon as they touch the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, digestive tract, or the metal. They might be hazardous in other ways too, depending on the particular corrosive material. Most corrosives are either acids or bases.  Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, chromic acid, acetic acid and hydrofluoric acid.  Common bases are ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 9.7.1. Personal protective equipment for corrosive materials  Use of personal protective equipment, including items such as protective gloves, protective aprons, acid suits, safety goggles, a face shield, or safety shoes, is normally recommended when handling corrosive substances.  Users should consult a material safety data sheet for the specific recommendation for the corrosive substance of interest.  The material of construction of the personal protective equipment is of critical importance as well. For example, although rubber gloves and rubber aprons may be made out of a chemically resistant elastomer such as nitrile rubber, neoprene, or butyl rubber; each of these materials has different resistance to different corrosives and they should not be substituted for each other. 9.7.2. Acids and bases as corrosive materials Common corrosive chemicals are classified into: Acids  Strong acids – the most common are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl, respectively)  Some concentrated weak acids, for example formic acid, acetic acid, and phosphoric acid  Strong Lewis acids such as anhydrous aluminum chloride and boron trifluoride  Lewis acids with specific reactivity; e.g., solutions of zinc chloride  Extremely strong acids (superacid). Bases  Caustics or alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide  Alkali metals in the metallic form (e.g., elemental sodium), and hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium hydride, function as strong bases and hydrate to give caustics  Extremely strong bases (superbases) such as alkoxides, metal amides (e.g., sodium amide) and organometallic bases such as butyllithium  Fully alkalized salts of weak acids such as trisodium phosphate  Some concentrated weak bases, such as ammonia when anhydrous or in a concentrated solution  Dehydrating agents such as concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium oxide, anhydrous zinc chloride, also elemental alkali metals  Strong oxidizers such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Electrophilic halogens: elemental fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and electrophilic salts such as sodium hypochlorite or N-chloro compounds such as chloramine-T halide ions are not corrosive, except for fluoride. 9.7.3. Sulfuric acid It is composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless and viscous liquid that is soluble in water and is synthesized in reactions that are highly exothermic. Upon contact, sulfuric acid can cause severe chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration; it is very dangerous even at lower concentrations. Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. It is most commonly used in fertilizer manufacture, but is also important in mineral processing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. Sulfuric acid is capable of causing very severe burns, especially when it is at high concentrations. In common with other corrosive acids and alkali, it readily decomposes proteins and lipids through amide and ester hydrolysis upon contact with living tissues, such as skin and flesh. In addition, it exhibits strong dehydrating property on carbohydrates, liberating extra heat and causing secondary thermal burns. Accordingly, it rapidly attacks the cornea and can induce permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes. If ingested, it damages internal organs irreversibly and may even be fatal. Protective equipment should hence always be used when handling it. Moreover, its strong oxidizing property makes it highly corrosive to many metals and may extend its destruction on other materials. Because of such reasons, damage posed by sulfuric acid is potentially more severe than that by other comparable strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting  Sulfuric acid is not flammable or combustible. However, fires may result from the heat generated by contact of concentrated sulphuric acid with combustible materials. Sulphuric acid reacts with most metals, especially when diluted with water, to produce hydrogen gas which can accumulate to explosive concentrations inside confined spaces. It reacts violently with water and organic materials evolving a considerable amount of heat and is very hazardous when in contact with carbides, cyanides, and sulfides.  Dry chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers are used to extinguish small fires in surrounding combustible materials.  Use water spray or fog to cool fire-exposed containers and to knock down large fires. Use water streams only if absolutely necessary and DO NOT USE WATER DIRECTLY ON ACID as a violent reaction may occur resulting in spattering of the acid.  Do not release runoff from fire control methods to sewers or waterways. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Firefighters must be fully-trained and wear full protective clothing including an approved, self-contained breathing apparatus which supplies a positive air pressure within a full face-piece mask.  For fires close to a spill or where vapors are present, use acid-resistant personal protective equipment. 9.7.4. Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO3), is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Nitric acid reacts with most metals, but the details depend on the concentration of the acid and the nature of the metal. Dilute nitric acid behaves as a typical acid in its reaction with most metals. It can cause severe eye burns and skin burns if come in direct contact. Direct contact with liquid may cause blindness or permanent eye damage. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the skin. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting It is not combustible; however, water spray may be used to keep fire exposed containers cool. React explosively with combustible organic or readily oxidizable materials, react with most metal to release hydrogen gas. Accidental Release control  Shut off leaks without risk, dilute with alkali and drench with water for small leaks.  Prevent spillage from entering drains or water sources.  Dilute with alkali and wash with water.  Use full PVC Suit, PVC hand gloves during emergency handling. 9.7.5. Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl), is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. The acid itself is corrosive, and concentrated forms release acidic mists that are also dangerous. If the acid or mist come into contact with the skin, eyes, or internal organs, the damage can be irreversible or even fatal in severe cases. The use of personal protective equipment is essential. It is very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (irritant, corrosive) and ingestion. Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening or occasionally blistering. If hydrochloric acid comes into contact with skin or eyes, it should be flushed immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and any contaminated clothing must be removed. In case of serious skin contact, water, a disinfectant soap and anti-bacterial cream should be used. Immediate medical attention should be sought. If inhaled, the victim should be moved to fresh air and immediately provided medical attention. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting  As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, and full protective gear. Dike and collect water used to fight fire.  Not flammable but reacts with most metals to form flammable hydrogen gas. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.  Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas. Containers may explode when heated.  Substance is non-combustible; use agent most appropriate to extinguish surrounding fire. For small spills, dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary, neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.  For large spills, stop leak if without risk. Absorb with dry earth, sand or other non- combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed.  Personal protective equipment like splash goggles, full suit, vapor respirator, gloves and a self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. 9.7.6. Perchloric Acid Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula HClO4. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component. Perchloric acid is dangerously corrosive and readily forms potentially explosive mixtures. It can cause eye burns, may cause permanent eye damage, including blindness if come in contact with eyes. It also causes skin burns, blisters and permanent scarring if come in direct contact with skin. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled, can cause internal burn injuries. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting  Suitable firefighting media: Water, Foam, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Dry powder. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Do not touch spilled material.  Prevent material from entering sewers, waterways or confined spaces.  Keep materials that can burn away from spilled material.  Contain spill using non-combustible, non-reactive absorbent material free from contamination from organic material.  For small spills, Perchloric acid is best disposed of by stirring it gradually into enough cold water to make its concentration less than 0.1%, neutralizing it with aqueous sodium hydroxide and washing the solution down the drain with at least 50 times its volume of water.  For large spills, add weak reducing agent (e.g., Ferrous salts) to spill. Shovel sludge into large container of water and add soda lime to neutralize.  Wear appropriate protective face shield and eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as ear and neoprene or polyethylene gloves to prevent skin exposure.  Wear apron or clothing to protect skin and rubber boots. 9.7.7. Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. Solutions of HF are colorless, acidic and highly corrosive. It is used to make most fluorine-containing compounds. When hydrofluoric acid comes into contact with human skin it causes deep burns. In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment. Despite having an irritating odor, HF may reach dangerous levels without an obvious odor. HF interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury. Symptoms of HF exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burn, rhinitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema (fluid build-up in the lungs), and bone damage. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting Hydrofluoric acid is not flammable. However, if it is involved in a fire, extremely corrosive and very toxic hydrogen fluoride gas or fumes may be released into the air. Contact with metals, such as iron or steel, slowly releases extremely flammable and potentially explosive hydrogen gas. A large amount of heat is generated when highly concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions are diluted with water. Closed containers may rupture violently and suddenly Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) release large amounts of product when exposed to fire or excessive heat for a sufficient period of time.  Firefighters should wear a positive pressure self-contained respirator (SCBA) and full- body encapsulating chemical protective suit.  Water spray or fog may be used where concentrations below 60% are present. Higher concentrations may react violently with water and therefore a dry agent, e.g., dry chemical powder is recommended. Use water spray to keep fire exposed containers cool.  Absolutely no unprotected contact with spilled material.  Stop leak if without risk.  Keep materials which can burn away from spilled material.  Use water spray to knock down gas.  Do not get water inside vessels.  Dike corrosive water solutions to prevent entry into waterways, sewers or confined spaces.  For large spills, contain spill with absorbent material which does not react with spilled material and cautiously dilute with large excess of water. Neutralize carefully with soda ash or lime. Material will fume during neutralization; approach from upwind. Provide good ventilation. Contaminated absorbent material will pose the same hazards as the spilled product.  Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles. Wear face shield. Wear appropriate protective neoprene gloves to prevent skin exposure. Wear acid- resistant jacket, trousers and boots sufficient to protect skin. Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure and approved chemical cartridge respirator. If more than TLV, do not breathe vapor, wear self-contained breathing apparatus. 9.7.8. Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric acid is a weak acid with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is normally encountered as a colorless syrup of 85% concentration in water. The pure compound is a colorless solid. Phosphoric acid is commonly encountered in chemical laboratories as an 85% aqueous solution, which is a colorless, odorless and non-volatile syrupy liquid. Although phosphoric acid does not meet the strict definition of a strong acid, the 85% solution can still severely irritate the skin and damage the eyes.  Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), eye contact (irritant) and ingestion.  It is hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator) and eye contact (corrosive).  It slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering. Seek immediate attention in case of inhalation, ingestion or skin or eye contact. (1) Fire hazards & firefighting  Non-explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.  Hydrogen gas is released in contact with most of the metals. Combustion product may include toxic vapors like phosphine, oxides of phosphorous, etc.  For small spills, dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary, Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.  For large spills, do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.  Use Splash goggles, Full suit, Vapor respirator, Boots and Gloves during emergency handling. If more than TLV, do not breathe vapor, wear self-contained breathing apparatus. 9.7.9. Acetic Acid Acetic acid is a colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. It is classified as a weak acid since it only partially dissociates in solution, but concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can damage skin. These burns or blisters may not appear until hours after exposure. Prolonged inhalation exposure (eight hours) to acetic acid vapors at 10 ppm can produce some irritation of eyes, nose, and throat; at 100 ppm marked lung irritation and possible damage to lungs, eyes, and skin may result. Vapor concentrations of 1,000 ppm cause marked irritation of eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract and cannot be tolerated. These predictions were based on animal experiments and industrial exposure. The hazards of solutions of acetic acid depend on the concentration. Concentrated acetic acid can be ignited only with difficulty at standard temperature and pressure but becomes a flammable risk in temperatures greater than 39 °C and can form explosive mixtures with air at higher temperatures (explosive limits: 5.4–16%). (1) Fire hazards & firefighting  Suitable firefighting media include quick-acting ABC or BC powder extinguisher, quick-acting CO2 extinguisher and Class B foam (alcohol-resistant).  Water spray if puddle cannot expand. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Cool tanks/ drums with water spray/remove them into safety.  Do not move the load if exposed to heat.  Take account of toxic fire-fighting water.  Use water moderately and if possible, collect or contain it.  Clean up any spills as soon as possible, using an absorbent material to collect it.  Equip clean-up crew with proper protection.  Protective goggles, gloves, face shield, gas mask with filter type E, chemical resistant apron must be used while emergency handling.  Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection. 9.7.10. Alkaline metal hydroxide The alkaline metal hydroxides are a class of chemical compounds which are composed of an alkali metal cation and the hydroxide anion (OH−). The alkali hydroxides are: Lithium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide (LiOH) (NaOH) Potassium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Caesium hydroxide (KOH) (RbOH) (CsOH) A vigorous reaction occurs in contact with water, producing hydrogen gas and the specific alkali hydroxide. Dissolving solid hydroxides in water is a highly exothermic process that generates excessive heat. Sodium and potassium hydroxides are strong bases and are extremely destructive to the skin and eyes. 9.8. Toxic substances A toxic substance is any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or EPA. Phosgene, methyl isocyanate, chlorine, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, etc. are some examples of toxic substances. The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 (MSIHC) classify the toxic chemicals as below:21 21 Source: Part 1 of Schedule 1 of The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 9.8.1. How toxic substance enter the body Toxic materials may enter the body in different ways. These ways are called the route of exposure There are four major routes of entry for toxic substances, they are: (1) Inhalation (breathing) Inhalation is taking in hazardous chemicals into the body by breathing them in. The chemical contaminants are breathed in through the nose or mouth and reach the lungs. From the lungs, the chemical contaminants such as mists, dusts, fumes, gas and vapors are conveyed to the bloodstream and tissues. Symptoms of over-exposure may include headaches, increased mucus production and eye, nose and throat irritation. Narcotic effects, including confusion, dizziness, drowsiness or collapse, may result from exposure to some substances, including many common hydrocarbon solvents. In the event of exposure, close containers, open windows or otherwise increase ventilation, and move to fresh air. If symptoms persist, medical attention should be sought. (2) Absorption (skin & eye contact) When hazardous chemicals come into direct contact with the skin or eyes, they can be absorbed into the body or may cause local effects on the area of contact. These chemicals may include solids (dusts and smoke), liquids, vapors and gases. Generally, however, most chemicals that are absorbed through the skin are liquids while gases and solids are only absorbed when they have first been dissolved in the moisture on the skin surface. (3) Ingestion (eating) Ingestion (swallowing) refers to the entry of hazardous chemicals into the body through the mouth. Toxic substances, mists and dusts can be ingested when they contaminate food, drinks, hands and cigarettes and then come into contact with the mouth or when they are inhaled through the mouth, trapped in mucus and then swallowed. (4) Injection Injection is the least common routes of entry. It may occur through accidents with broken glass, misuse of syringe needles or accidental pricks with sharp objects that have been contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Injections may also occur through streams of liquids and gases under high pressure. It is a common problem in hospitals and veterinary clinics where workers may accidentally puncture their skin with contaminated needles and other sharp devices. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 9.8.2. Ways toxic substance affect health This classification identifies toxic substances on the basis of biologic action. (1) Irritants refers to some sort of aggravation of whatever tissue the material comes in contact with. e.g., ammonia, nitrogen dioxide. (2) Asphyxiants exert their effects through a depletion of oxygen to the tissues, e.g., simple asphyxiants – carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen chemical asphyxiants, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide. (3) Narcotics or anaesthetics - the main toxic action is the depressant effect upon the central nervous system. e.g. – many organics, chloroform, xylene. (4) Systemic poisons - the main toxic action includes production of internal damage e.g. Hepatotoxic agents – toxic effects produce liver damage; carbon tetrachloride. Nephrotoxic agents – toxic effects produce kidney damage; (5) Carcinogens agents/ compounds that induce cancer in humans. e.g. benzene, arsenic, inorganic salts of chromium, nickel, beryllium. (6) Mutagens agents that affect the cells of the exposed people in such a way that it may cause cancer in the exposed individual or an undesirable mutation to occur in some later generation, e.g., radiation, variety of chemical agents that alter the genetic message. (7) Teratogens are agents or compounds that a pregnant woman takes into her body that generate defects in the foetus, e.g., thalidomide, possibly steroids. (8) Sensitizers are agents that may cause allergic or allergic-like responses to occur. After an initial exposure to a substance an individual may become sensitized to that substance. Subsequent exposures to the same substance, often at a much lower concentration than before, produces an allergic response. This response may be a skin rash (dermatitis) or an asthmatic-like attack, depending on the route of exposure. e.g. cutting oils, isocyanates in polyurethane foam operations and paint spraying operations, some laboratory solvents. 9.8.3. Toxic effects The toxic effects of a chemical may be local or systemic. Local injuries involve the area of the body in contact with the chemical and are typically caused by reactive or corrosive chemicals, such as strong acids, alkalis or oxidizing agents. Systemic injuries involve tissues or organs unrelated to or removed from the contact site when toxins have been transported through the bloodstream. For example, methanol that has been ingested may cause blindness, while a significant skin exposure to nitrobenzene may affect the central nervous system. Certain chemicals may affect a target organ. For example, lead primarily affects the central nervous system, kidney and red blood cells; isocyanates may induce an allergic reaction (immune system); and chloroform may cause tumours in liver and kidneys. It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic exposure and toxicity. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  Acute toxicity results from a single, short exposure. Effects usually appear quickly and are often reversible.  Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period of time. Effects are usually delayed and gradual and may be irreversible. For example, the acute effect of alcohol exposure (ingestion) is intoxication, while the chronic effect is cirrhosis of the liver. Acute and chronic effects are distinguished in the MSDS, usually with more information about acute exposures than chronic. Relatively few chemicals have been evaluated for chronic effects, given the complexity of that type of study. Chronic exposure may have very different effects than acute exposure. Usually, studies of chronic exposure evaluate its cancer causing potential or other long- term health problems. Measuring toxicity Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance. A population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a given individual in a population. One such measure is the LD50. When such data does not exist, estimates are made by comparison to known similar toxic things, or to similar exposures in similar organisms. For example, if a dose of a toxic substance is safe for a laboratory rat, one might assume that one-tenth that dose would be safe for a human, allowing a safety factor of 10 to allow for interspecies differences between two mammals; if the data are from fish, one might use a factor of 100 to account for the greater difference between two chordate classes (fish and mammals).  LD50 (Lethal Dose 50%) is a statistically derived dose at which 50% of the animals will be expected to die.  For inhalation toxicity, air concentrations are used for exposure values. Thus, the LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50%) is used. LD50 and LC50 are typically obtained from acute toxicity studies. Lower LD50/ LC50 value indicates higher acute toxicity. The units of LD50 and LC50 are listed as follows:  LD50: mg/kg stands for mg of substance per kg of body weight administered.  LC50: mg/L is the estimated air concentration of a substance administered via inhalation route. Sometimes, ppm is used. Other measuring parameters:  Threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to which a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. o TLV-TWA (Time-weighted average) represents the time-weighted average concentration of a toxic substance over a normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, every day, without adverse health effects. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) o TLV-STEL (Short term exposure level) A 15-minute, time -weighted average concentration to which workers may be exposed up to four times per day with at least 60 minutes between successive exposures with no ill effect if the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. o TLV-C (Ceiling) The concentration in air that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.  IDLH (Immediately dangerous to life & health) is defined as exposure to airborne contaminants that is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment.  Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels (AEGLs) indicate the concentrations of a chemical in air above which different types of health effects could begin to occur in an unprotected civilian population. AEGLs include three concentration levels for specified time durations. o AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. o AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. o AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death. Toxicity of the fire scene Fire toxicity is the largest cause of death and injury in fires rather than heat. These toxic gases contain asphyxiants like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide; irritants such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr); a wide range of organo-irritants including acrolein and formaldehyde, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur (SOx). Fire effluents also contain particulate matter (soot particles) which can penetrate deep into the lung. Both asphyxiants and irritants cause death in fire, as any incapacitation is likely to impede escape, and increase the chance of becoming trapped. 9.9. Water reactive materials NFPA Code 400 (Hazardous Materials Code) defines water reactive materials as ‘a material that explodes, violently reacts, produces flammable, toxic or other hazardous gases; or evolves enough heat to cause self-ignition or ignition of nearby combustibles upon exposure to water or moisture’. Water reactive materials are chemicals that can react violently with water to produce a flammable and/ or toxic gas and heat. The risks associated with a specific water reactive Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) chemical depend on its reactivity and the nature of the gaseous product (flammable, toxic, or both). Prior to working with a water reactive chemical, one should identify the gas to be formed when exposed to water, learn the risks associated with this gas and develop plans to minimize the risks of handling that material. “Water” can include moisture in the atmosphere, therefore water reactive are usually used under air-free conditions. Water reactive substances are dangerous when wet because they can undergo a chemical reaction with water. This reaction may release a gas that can be flammable and/ or toxic. In addition, the heat generated when water contacts such materials is often enough to spontaneously combust or explode. When quenching water-reactive materials, the hazards of the mixture, the water-reactive chemical and the solvent, must be considered together and procedures for safe quenching must reflect the hazard properties of both solvent and solute. NFPA Code 400 classify water-reactive materials as Class 1, Class 2 & Class 3 Class 1: water-reactive materials are materials whose heat of mixing is at or above 30 cal/g and less than 100 cal/g. Class 2: water-reactive materials are materials whose heat of mixing is at or above 100 cal/g and less than 600 cal/g. Class 3: water-reactive materials are materials whose heat of mixing is greater or equal to 600 cal/g Examples of water-reactive substances:  Alkali metals, such as Na, Li, K  Alkali metal hydrides, such as LiH, CaH2, LiAlH4, NaBH4, alkali metal amides, such as NaNH2  Metal alkyls, such as lithium and aluminum alkyls  Grignard reagents, RMgX  Halides of nonmetals, such as BCl3, BF3, PCl3, PCl5, SiCl4, S2Cl2  Inorganic acid halides, such as POCl3, SOCl2, SO2Cl2  Anhydrous metal halides, such as AlCl3, TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4  Phosphorus pentoxide  Calcium carbide  Organic acid halides and anhydrides of low molecular weight, such as, acetyl chloride acetic acid anhydride Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) (1) Alkali metals  Alkali metals include sodium, potassium and lithium.  All are highly corrosive and can often explode if they are exposed to water. They are all flammable solids as well.  The alkali metals are all, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air.  Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidizing agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons, plastics, and moisture.  They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires.  Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective, depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal. (2) Combustible metals  The NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals defines combustible metal as ‘any metal composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition, that will burn’.  Examples of combustible metals are sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, phosphorous etc.  Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding ordinary combustible materials. Certain metals burn in contact with air or water (for example, sodium), which exacerbates this risk.  The following agents shall not be used as extinguishing agents on a combustible-metal fires because of adverse reactions or ineffectiveness unless they are compatible with the metal and are an effective extinguishing agent: - Water - Foams - Halon - Carbon dioxide - Nitrogen - Halocarbon Clean Agents - ABC dry-chemical and BC dry-chemical powder  Only listed or approved Class D extinguishing agents or those tested and shown to be effective for extinguishing combustible-metal fires. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) (3) Ionic hydrides  Ionic hydrides also known as saline hydrides are compounds form between hydrogen and the most active metals. Ionic hydrides also known as saline hydrides are compounds form between hydrogen and the most active metals. Ionic hydrides violently react with water and form metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.  Example of Ionic Hydrides are NaH, KH, CaH2, etc. (4) Metallic Phosphides (5) Metallic Carbides  Metallic carbides have varying degrees of physical hazards. Carbides, such as calcium carbide (CaC2) and sodium carbide (Na2C2), react violently with water, are flammable in the presence of moisture, and could be corrosive.  Other carbides, such as zirconium carbide (ZrC), tungsten carbide (WC), and silicon carbide (SiC), have little reactivity. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 10. Special Hazards and Fire Protection 10.1. Oil & gas industry in India & role of Gujarat The oil & gas industry is one of the largest sectors in the world in terms of dollar value, generating an estimated USD 3.3 trillion in revenue annually. Oil is crucial to the global economic framework, especially for its largest producers: United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada and China. Oil and natural gas companies are the major players in the energy market and play an influential role in the global economy as the world's primary fuel sources. The processes and systems involved in producing and distributing oil and gas are highly complex, capital-intensive, and require state-of-the-art technology. Oil and gas sector is among the eight core industries in India and plays a major role in influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy. India’s economic growth is closely related to its energy demand, therefore, the need for oil and gas is projected to grow more as India progresses. Government has adopted several policies to fulfil the increasing demand. It has allowed 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in many segments of the sector, including natural gas, petroleum products and refineries among others. Today, it attracts both domestic and foreign investment as attested by the presence of Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) and Cairn India. India has been the fourth- largest Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) importer since 2011 after Japan, South Korea, and China. 10.1.1. Importance of Gujarat for oil & gas sector  India is the sixth largest energy consumer in the world  Gujarat ranks 1st in the production of crude oil (onshore- 55.10%) and natural gas (onshore-32.3%) in India  The state has the highest number of oil and gas fields (onshore and offshore) in India (31.3%)  36.6% of India’s installed refining capacity is in the state of Gujarat; highest in India. Reliance Petroleum Limited at Jamnagar is the largest grassroot refinery in the world  Gujarat is the only state in India with a state-wide gas grid and multi-gas suppliers  Gujarat is the only state having 2 LNG Terminals (Dahej and Hazira)  Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC) is India’s only State Government-owned company in the oil and gas exploration and production business. GSPC is known for India’s largest gas discovery in KG Basin on the coastline of Andhra Pradesh  The natural gas produced in the western offshore fields in India is partly brought to Hazira (Gujarat), where it is sweetened and partly utilized in Hazira itself, while the remaining is fed into the Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline, which passes through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP, Delhi and Haryana.  Natural gas is currently the source of half of the LPG produced in India. Vaghodia (Vadodara district in Gujarat) is one of the major LPG extraction regions in India. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Below is the map showing major O&G installations within the country Gujarat city-gas distribution  Since 2007, GSPC has set up city distribution projects in 12 cities of Gujarat, with gas supply in 11 towns.  There are 108 CNG stations in Gujarat set up by Gujarat Gas Company Limited (GGCL), Adani Group and GSPC. Of these, 23 are under GSPC in seven districts – Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Gandhinagar and Sabarkantha  30% of the existing stations are owned by GSPC, while the remaining 70% have been formed in collaboration with existing petrol pumps  It has been proposed to set up 300 CNG stations in the state across 18 districts and 179 talukas (11th five year plan)  Potential locations for establishment of these stations are along the national highways / state highways. 10.2. Overview of oil & gas industry & operations Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 10.2.1. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons make up crude oil and natural gas, naturally occurring substances found in rock in the earth's crust. These organic raw materials are created by the compression of the remains of plants and animals in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone and shale. The sedimentary rock itself is a product of deposits in ancient oceans and other bodies of water. As layers of sediment were deposited on the ocean floor, the decaying remains of plants and animals were integrated into the forming rock. The organic material eventually transformed into oil and gas after being exposed to specific temperature and pressure ranges deep within the earth's crust. Oil and gas are less dense than water, so they migrate through porous sedimentary rock toward the earth's surface. When the hydrocarbons are trapped beneath less-porous cap rock, an oil and gas reservoir is formed. These reservoirs of oil and gas represent sources of crude oil and gas. Hydrocarbons are brought to the surface by drilling through the cap rock and into the reservoir. Once the drill bit reaches the reservoir, a productive oil or gas well can be constructed and the hydrocarbons can be pumped to the surface. When the drilling activity does not find commercially viable quantities of hydrocarbons, the well is classified as a dry hole, which is typically plugged and abandoned. 10.2.2. Segments & activities The oil and gas industry is broken down into three main segments: upstream, midstream and downstream. (1) Upstream Upstream businesses consist of companies involved in the exploration and production of oil and gas. These are the firms that search the world for reservoirs of the raw materials and then drill to extract that material. These companies are often known as "E&P" for "exploration and production." The upstream segment is characterized by high risks, high investment capital, extended duration as it takes time to locate and drill, as well as being technologically intensive. Virtually all cash flow and income statement line items of E&P companies are directly related to oil and gas production. (2) Midstream Midstream businesses are those that are focused on transportation. They are the ones responsible for moving the extracted raw materials to refineries to process the oil and gas. Midstream companies are characterized by shipping, trucking, pipelines, and storing of the raw materials. The midstream segment is also marked by high regulation, particularly on pipeline transmission and low capital risk. The segment is also naturally dependent on the success of upstream firms. (3) Downstream Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Downstream businesses are the refineries. These are the companies responsible for removing impurities and converting the oil and gas to products for the general public, such as gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, and asphalt. 10.2.3. Oil & gas production E&P companies measure crude oil production in barrels. One barrel, usually abbreviated as bbl, is equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Companies often describe production in terms of bbl per day or bbl per quarter. Natural gas production is described in terms of cubic feet. Similar to the convention for oil, the term ‘mmcf’ means 1 million cubic feet of gas, ‘bcf’ means 1 billion cubic feet and ‘tcf’ represents 1 trillion cubic feet. Crude oil is a substance that occurs naturally. It is a dark liquid. It occurs beneath the earth’s surface. A large number of products like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, etc. are derived from crude oil. Its compounds can be separated with the help of fractional distillation. 10.2.4. Classification of crude oil Crude oil is classified according to three main categories: The geographic location Its API gravity (a where it was drilled Its sulfur content measure of density) (1) Classification based on geography Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Oil is drilled all over the world. However, there are three primary sources of crude oil that set reference points for ranking and pricing other oil supplies: Brent Crude, West Texas Intermediate, and Dubai & Oman. (2) Classification based on sulfur content Sulfur is considered an “impurity” in petroleum. Sulfur in crude oil can corrode metal in the refining process and contribute to air pollution. Petroleum with more than 0.5% sulfur is called “sour,” while petroleum with less than 0.5% sulfur is “sweet.” Sweet oil is usually much more valuable than sour because it does not require as much refining and is less harmful to the environment. (3) Classification based on API gravity The American Petroleum Institute (API) is a trade association for businesses in the oil and natural gas industries. API gravity is a measure of the density of petroleum liquid compared to water. If a petroleum liquid’s API gravity is greater than 10, it is “light,” and floats on top of water. If the API gravity is less than 10, it is “heavy,” and sinks in water. Light oils are preferred because they have a higher yield of hydrocarbons. Heavier oils have greater concentrations of metals and sulfur and require more refining. Refer Annexure for a sample MSDS for crude oil. 10.3. Refining process Petroleum refining is a complex industry that generates a diverse slate of fuel and chemical products, from gasoline to heating oil. The refining process involves separating, cracking, restructuring, treating and blending hydrocarbon molecules to generate petroleum products. 10.3.1. Fractional distillation Fractional distillation is a process used to separate its compounds. Different temperature evaporates a different liquid. This temperature is the boiling point of that liquid. The crude oil is heated to a temperature of 400-degree Celsius, is fed in at the bottom of the column and heated further. The liquid with the lowest boiling point changes into vapor first and condenses. At higher temperature, the next volatile liquid changes into a vapor state and rises. Different vapors rise at different temperature and as they condense, they are collected in different trays. Different liquids are collected in different trays. A few gases reach the top of the column without condensing. The crude oil distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. The CDU distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in the other refinery processing units. The CDU is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit because it operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure. Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then desalted to remove inorganic salts (primarily sodium chloride). Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Following the desalter, the crude oil is further heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 °C and routed into the bottom of the distillation unit. The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water- cooled condenser. Additional heat is removed from the distillation column by a pump around system as shown in the diagram below. As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called side cuts. Each of the side cuts (i.e., the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i.e., the overhead naphtha, the side cuts and the bottom residue) are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further. 10.3.2. Other processes & units Some of the other important processes include fluid catalytic cracking, catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, alkylation, etc. The image below is a schematic flow Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) diagram of a typical petroleum refinery that depicts the various refining processes and the flow of intermediate product streams. Note that there can be many different configurations based on different factors such as type of crude, products, etc. Other facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products are not depicted here. A schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery 10.3.3. End-products The primary end-products produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories: Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Light distillates Middle distillates Heavy distillates Others (1) Light distillates  C1 and C2 components  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Light naphtha  Gasoline (petrol)  Heavy naphtha (2) Middle distillates  Kerosene  Automotive and rail-road diesel fuels  Residential heating fuel  Other light fuel oils (3) Heavy distillates  Heavy fuel oils  Wax  Lubricating oils  Asphalt (4) Others  Coke (similar to coal)  Elemental sulfur The MSDSs of many of the above products will reveal that they pose significant fire and explosion hazards, and indeed, many of the world’s biggest industrial disasters have involved some of these products (e.g. Mexico City Disaster, Vizag Refinery Disaster, 10.4. Petrochemical & fertilizer industry Petrochemical industry Petrochemicals are classified as chemicals derived from petroleum and natural gas comprising of synthetic rubber, yarn, polymers, plastic, detergent, and processing industry. This sector came into existence in 1970s, and only after 1990s the rapid growth was seen with respect to Indian industry. Currently petrochemical industry has pervaded the entire spectrum comprising each and every sphere of our life from food to water security; health care to social and physical infrastructure; household items to construction automobiles to electronics and communication; agriculture to horticulture, etc. The petrochemicals industry sources raw materials from refining and gas-processing and converts these raw materials into valuable products using a variety of chemical process technologies. A variety of feedstocks are used as raw materials, the industry driver being economic. These feedstocks are subject to a variety of processes with the aim of producing Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) a hand-full of chemical building blocks. These building blocks are further processed through a variety of reactions to form the final petrochemical products. The industry now produces a remarkable range of useful products, including plastics, synthetic rubber, solvents, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, additives, explosives and adhesives. Petrochemical products are used in cars, packaging, household goods, medical equipment, paints, clothing and building material to name just a few of the common applications. Furthermore, the industry continues to innovate through new technology and the ability to process different types of raw materials. Some of the basic petrochemical products are – Organic chemicals such as methanol, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Ethylene, propylene, and butadiene, along with butylene; these are collectively called olefins, which belong to a class of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n. Olefins contain one or more double bonds, which make them chemically reactive. Benzene, toluene, and xylenes, commonly referred to as aromatics, are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings. Olefins, aromatics, and methanol are precursors to a variety of chemical products and are generally referred to as primary petrochemicals. As with refinery products, the vast majority of petrochemicals are flammable and in liquid or gaseous form, which give rise to fire and explosion hazards. As many processes and storage arrangements are similar to refineries, petrochemical plants face similar fire & explosion risks. Chemical industry This chemical industry produces a wide variety of products, such as detergents, soaps and perfumes, some of which are purchased directly by the consumer others are used as intermediates to make other products, For example, in Europe, 70% of chemicals manufactured are used to make products by other industries including other branches of the chemical industry itself. The industry uses a wide range of raw materials, from air and minerals to oil. The business of the chemical industry is to change the chemical structure of natural materials in order to derive products of value to other industries or in daily life. Chemicals are produced from these raw materials-principally minerals, metals and hydrocarbons-in a series of processing steps. Further treatment, such as mixing and blending, is often required to convert them into end-products (e.g., paints, adhesives, medicines and cosmetics). Thus, the chemical industry covers a much wider field than what is usually called “chemicals” since it also includes such products as artificial fibers, resins, soaps, paints, photographic films and more. Chemicals fall into two main classes: organic and inorganic.  Organic chemicals have a basic structure of carbon atoms, combined with hydrogen and other elements. Oil and gas are today the source of 90% of world organic chemical Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) production, having largely replaced coal and vegetable and animal matter, the earlier raw materials.  Inorganic chemicals are derived chiefly from mineral sources. Examples are sulphur, which is mined as such or extracted from ores, and chlorine, which is made from common salt. The products of the chemical industry can be broadly divided into three groups, which correspond to the principal steps in manufacture:  Base chemicals (organic and inorganic) are normally manufactured on a large scale and are normally converted to other chemicals;  Intermediates are derived from base chemicals. Most intermediates require further processing in the chemical industry  Solvents are used as they are; finished chemical products are made by further chemical processing. Some of these (drugs, cosmetics, soaps) are consumed as such; others, such as fibers, plastics, dyes and pigments, are processed still further. The main sectors of the chemical industry are as follows: 1) Basic inorganics: acids, alkalis and salts, mainly used elsewhere in industry and industrial gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen and acetylene 2) Basic organics: feedstocks for plastics, resins, synthetic rubbers, and synthetic fibers; solvents and detergent raw materials; dyestuffs and pigments 3) Fertilizers and pesticides (including herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) 4) Plastics, resins, synthetic rubbers, cellulosic and synthetic fibers 5) Pharmaceuticals (drugs and medicines) 6) Paints, varnishes and lacquers 7) Soaps, detergents, cleaning preparations, perfumes, cosmetics and other toiletries 8) Miscellaneous chemicals, such as polishes, explosives, adhesives, inks and chemicals Fertilizer industry Agricultural growth is mainly driven by advances in farming technologies and increased use of chemical fertilizers. The fertilizers contain the three basic nutrients for agriculture: nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). Nitrogen is primarily provided by nitrogenous fertilizers such as urea (46%N) or ammonia fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate (20.6%N). Further shares of nitrogen are contained in complex fertilizers that combine all three plant nutrients (NPK). Phosphate comes in the form of straight phosphatic fertilizers such as single super phosphate (16°/0P20~) or as part of a complex fertilizer. The basic raw material for the production of nitrogenous fertilizers is Ammonia, for straight phosphatic fertilizers it is phosphate and for potassic fertilizers potash. The most important step in producing ammonia (NH3) is the production of hydrogen, which is followed by the Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen. A number of processes are available to produce hydrogen, differing primarily in type of feedstock used. The hydrogen production route predominantly used worldwide is steam reforming of natural gas. In this process natural gas (CH4) is mixed with water (steam) and air to produce hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (C02). CO is further converted to C02 and H2 using the water gas shift reaction. After CO and CO2 is removed from gas mixture ammonia (NH3) is obtained by synthesis reaction. Historical reports of events show that the major incidents and accidents in ammonia plants are explosions and fires. There have also been a number of process air incidents relating to inadequate isolation or control when adding air into the process via the secondary reformer. This step is essential to add nitrogen to the ammonia process; however, air contains oxygen which requires careful control. Besides major fire and explosion hazards, there are possibility of toxic leaks in this industry. The ammonia industry is, therefore, classified as a major hazard industry. Major hazard generally consists of fires, explosions and chemical leaks. Fires are the most alarming danger and have the highest frequency of occurrence compared to other major hazards (Gultom and Imran, 2009). The source of fires and ammonia industry explosion are generally raw materials in the form of natural gas that is flammable, and its process units use high temperatures and pressures. 10.5. Fire/ explosion hazards & fire protection systems Significant hazards, therefore, exist in refineries, petrochemical & fertilizer complexes, depending on the scenario and conditions, but the most prominent are fire and explosion hazards. These hazards exist due to the fact that: Large volumes of highly flammable liquids that may be processed at pressures and temperatures well above atmospheric conditions and above the liquids' boiling point at atmospheric pressure. Any leak to atmosphere will vaporize rapidly and can under certain conditions ignite spontaneously. Large volume of flammable gas at high pressure or liquid gas (LPG) under pressure Major use of open flames e.g. furnaces on operating plant containing flammable liquids. Toxic gas mixtures and liquids streams, sour products (e.g. H.S hydrogen sulphide). Corrosive chemicals, acids - caustic soda. Toxic processing chemicals, Bromine, Chlorine. Ammonia. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 10.5.1. Explosion hazards Various hazardous chemical substances which are not designated specifically as explosives may present an explosion hazard in the following circumstances:  Unconfined vapor/ gas cloud explosions: Large quantities of flammable gases or vapors in open air which are ignited may cause deflagration with pressure waves or less commonly supersonic (detonation) advancement of flame fronts (i.e., ethylene vapor cloud).  Confined vapor cloud explosions: Flammable substances igniting within a container (eg process vessel) which generate pressure build up and detonation velocities (i.e., natural gas explosions). Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions: Caused by failure of pressure vessels containing volatile flammable liquid and/or gases involved in fire.  Steam Explosions: Boil over or froth (Slop) over in oil storage tanks.  Demolition/ repair of tanks: An explosion hazard may exist to personnel from ‘empty’ tanks which may contain an explosive mixture within the tank due to the emission of flammable vapors when the sludge or residual contents are heated i,e from repair work, demolition, or radiated heat from a nearby fire. 10.5.2. Fire hazards Due to the large number of chemicals and variables that define fire scenarios, different fire situations are possible. However, it is found that most medium and large size fires in these complexes fall in the categories stated below:  Flash fires, liquid pool fires, gas pool fires, jet fires, running liquid fires, etc.  Leakage in any piping system or equipment/vessels can result in jet fires, liquid/ gas pool fires, running liquid fires, etc.  A leakage in any transportation mode (network of piping, rail cars, tankers).  A leakage in any storage tank can result in jet fires, pool fires, running liquid fires. 10.5.3. Storage tanks & its types As large quantity of raw material and finished product is stored in storage tanks, the tank farm area presents a special fire risk, which is considered a major factor for design of fire protection systems. Due to the inherently hazardous properties of chemicals stored in these complexes, it is important to ensure that they are stored safely and incorporate arrangements to prevent fires and to fight fires safely and effectively. It is important to understand the storage tank design and features from fire safety point of view. 10.5.4. Fire protection facilities While all preventive measures are taken in such hazardous locations, the chances of fire incidents cannot be entirely ruled out, some of which may escalate if not tackled quickly and effectively. These complexes therefore have elaborated firefighting systems to tackle Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) different types of likely fire scenarios. Both active and passive systems are considered to achieve the risk management objectives. Some of the commonly found systems in such complexes are - 1. Passive system (which prevents fire from spreading / used to confine the fire) a. Partition b. Segregation c. Fire resistant walls / doors etc. d. Pipe concreting e. Fire resistance walls (blast walls) f. Dyke walls g. Fire proofing h. Smoke barrier/ participation i. Fire dampers j. Cable sealants, fire retardant paints, etc. 2. Active system These can be further segregated into three divisions. a. Portable  Portable fire extinguishers  Fire buckets  Gel blanket, etc. b. Mobile appliances  Wheeled extinguishers  Foam trolley  Fire tenders (different types – foam, DCP, nurser, etc.)  Fire jeeps with monitors  Fire robots, etc. c. Fixed (These can be further classified as water based and non-water based, but here presented in broader view)  Fire Hydrants  Monitors  HVLRM  Sprinklers Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  MVWS  HVWS  Gas flooding system (CO2, Inergen, FM-200 etc.)  Risers/ down comers – dry/ wet  Hose reel hose  Deluge system  Foam system – all types  Rim seal fire protection system  Steam lancers/ rings 3. Detection system These systems detects the Fire and raises the alarm. These can also be connected to activate firefighting systems. These alarms can be viewed in panels. a. Smoke Detectors b. Air Sampling–Type Detector c. Fixed-Temperature Detector. d. Heat Detector. e. Line-Type Detector f. Spot-Type Detector g. Gas Detectors, etc. Further Information/details for the above are covered in chapter 4 & 7. 10.5.5. Important regulatory bodies/ organizations (1) Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) It is a Technical Directorate under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas that formulates and coordinates the implementation of a series of self-regulatory measures aimed at enhancing the safety in the Oil & Gas industry in India. Objectives of OISD  To formulate and standardize procedures and guidelines in the areas of design, operation and maintenance as also the creation of new assets with a view to achieve the highest safety standards in a cost effective manner.  To conduct audits to ensure compliance to such standards.  To maintain continuous follow-up on compliance to OISD audit action points.  To analyze & investigate incidents happening to the oil & gas industry to identify root cause and formulate action plan for. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Major activities of OISD  Standardization is one of the major activities of OISD. It is required to keep abreast of the latest design and operating practices in the areas of safety and firefighting in the hydrocarbon processing industry in the developed countries so as to develop standards and codes that would be suitable for the conditions prevailing in India. These OISD standards are periodically reviewed to incorporate the latest technological developments and experiences gained in their implementation so as to update them in line with the current international practices.  OISD standards have been included in various statutory regulations  Six OISD standards have been included in The Petroleum Rules 2002  One OISD standard has been included in the Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules 2016  Sixteen OISD standard have been included in the Oil Mines Regulations 2017 Note: A list of important OISD standards is enclosed as Annexure 2 Some important functions & responsibilities of OISD  To oversee the implementation of all the decisions of the Safety Council;  To keep abreast of the latest design and operating practices in the area of safety and firefighting in the hydrocarbon processing industry in the developed countries, so as to develop standards and codes that would be suitable for the conditions in India;  To liaise with the statutory organizations on current views and developments and help evolve a concerted effort for the industry;  To carry out periodic safety audits, review, suggest procedures for improvements and report on the implementation of the suggestions to Safety Council;  To carry out inquiries into accidents, whenever required, and provide support to Inquiry Committees set up by the Government;  To ensure implementation of all approved codes of practices for industrial hygiene;  To review practices in the storage and handling of dangerous chemicals and ensure compliance with latest standards;  To review in plant training programmes with regard to safety;  To grant consent to operate to any offshore rig and installations;  To monitor the reporting/conditions related to safety compliance for offshore rigs and platforms;  Monitor compliance of ERDMP of private E&P operators and liaise on regular basis; Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  To specify critical drawings / layouts that need to be vetted by Safety Specialists at the design stage and carryout spot checks of design standards based on site audit findings to serve as feed-back for establishing new standards at the design stage, and Jurisdiction of OISD The following activities of the Oil & Gas industry with the MOP&NG are under the jurisdiction of OISD:  All exploration and production operations in onshore and offshore  All refinery operations  Pipeline operations in the storage, transportation, distribution and marketing of crude oil and petroleum products  Processing of hydrocarbons for the production of bulk petroleum-chemicals in the large scale sector (2) Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) It was constituted under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 (NO. 19 OF 2006) notified via Gazette Notification dated 31st March 2006. The Act provide for the establishment of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board to protect the interests of consumers and entities engaged in specified activities relating to petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas and to promote competitive markets and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Further as enshrined in the act, the board has also been mandated to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas so as and to ensure uninterrupted and adequate supply of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas in all parts of the country. PNGRB Act- 2006 An Act to provide for the establishment of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas so as to protect the interests of consumers and entities engaged in specified activities relating to petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas and to ensure uninterrupted and adequate supply of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas in all parts of the country and to promote competitive markets and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. (3) PESO The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO), formerly known as Department of Explosives, since its inception on 05/09/1898, has been serving the nation Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) as a nodal agency for regulating safety of hazardous substances such as explosives, compressed gas and petroleum. PESO’s major work is to administer the responsibilities delegated under the Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the Rules made there under related to manufacture, import, export, transport, possession, sale and use of Explosives, Petroleum products and compressed gases.  Providing operational and technical Advice and Assistance to the Central Government, States, Local Bodies, Law Enforcement Agencies, Industry, Trade and end users of these products.  Uphold the commitment to transparency and efficiency.  Develop alert, Innovative, and well trained work force to achieve our goals.  Embrace learning and change in order to meet the challenges of the future. Administration of:- 1. Explosive Act 1884 o Explosives Rules,2008 o Gas Cylinders Rules, 2004 o Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules 1981 o Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012. o Notification No. GSR 625 (E) dated 07.08.1983 regarding Acetylene 2. Petroleum Act 1934 o Petroleum Rules,2002 o Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987 o Cinematographic Film Rules 1948 o Inflammable Substance Act 1952 3. Ensure public safety in the areas of manufacture, transport, storage, handling, etc. of Explosives, Petroleum, Carbide of Calcium, Inflammable substances and Compressed Gases. 4. Advisory role in matters of safety to the government and semi-government bodies like Ports, Railways, Defence establishments & Ministry of Surface Transport, Environment & Forest, Petroleum Natural Gas, Pollution Control Authorities etc. coming within the purview of Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the rules framed thereunder. 5. Framing National Standards concerning public safety in collaboration with BIS, OISD & other apex bodies and harmonizing Indian standards with international standards. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 6. Evaluation of new technologies finding applications in hazardous area for adoption in indigenous conditions within the purview of Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the rules framed thereunder. 7. Creating safety awareness amongst public. 8. PESO is currently involved in regulation of over 2,56,000 premises all over India. 10.6. Aviation industry buildings Aircraft accidents remain relatively rare, which means that it is difficult to acquire experience in this specialist field. Nevertheless, accidents will occasionally occur, and can happen anywhere, so any firefighter may have to cope with such an incident. The response to accidents involving aircraft is a specialized topic and is outside the scope of this document. The important point to be noted is that people gather in large numbers (although for a short period) at airports and in the event of a fire incident, can get adversely affected due to its effects. It is important, therefore, that authorities with regulatory responsibility be familiar with airports, their layouts, facilities, equipment, operations and Fire Service and its resources. 10.6.1. Categorization of airports All civil airports are placed within categories ranging from Category 1, the lowest, to Category 10, the highest. Categories are fundamentally determined by the size of aircraft and scale of operations. The larger the aircraft and the greater the frequency of its movements, the higher the category of the airport. Airport categories can change, however, as the scale of aircraft operation fluctuates. Importantly, larger airports have larger terminal buildings and larger population of travelers who will be in the building at a given point of time. It is important to ensure that these people can evacuate safely in event of a fire emergency. Table –“A” Maximum Fuselage Width Aerodrome Aircraft Overall Length 2 Category m Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 1 up to but not including 9m 2m 2 9m up to but not including 12m 3m 3 12m up to but not including 18m 4m 4 18m up to but not including 24m 4m 5 24m up to but not including 28m 5m 6 28m up to but not including 39m 5m 7 39m up to but not including 49m 7m 8 49m up to but not including 61m 7m 9 61m up to but not including 76m 8m 10 76m up to but not including 90m Table –“B” Foam meeting performance Level B Complementary Agents Aerodrome Water Foam Discharge rate Dry Halon CO2 Concentrat foam powder e solution/minute Category (L) (kg) (kg) (kg) 1 230 14 230 45 45 90 2 670 40 550 90 90 180 3 1 200 72 900 135 135 270 4 2 400 144 1 800 135 135 270 5 5 400 324 3 000 180 180 360 6 7 900 474 4 000 225 225 450 Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 7 12 100 726 5 300 225 225 450 8 18 200 1092 7 200 450 450 900 9 24 300 1458 9 000 450 450 900 10 32 300 1938 11 200 450 450 900 10.6.2. Airport passenger terminals Airport terminals consist of two main parts: landside and airside. Airside sections intended for landing and take-off of aircraft and their movement on the ground; it consists of runways where airplanes land and take off, taxiways used during their movements between runway and terminal, aprons and gates where passengers park and wait for the aircraft to perform landing/ boarding activities Airport terminal buildings are hazardous in terms of fire. There are long escape routes. Their closed volumes and deep plans prioritize smoke evacuation; privileged areas (restaurants, shops and bars) pose a high risk of fire. However, as they are open-plan buildings, passengers can easily move when a fire occurs. The terminal buildings are also well operated with disciplined people and regular roads. In addition, there are well-trained personnel and fire crews in the airport areas, thus in the event of a fire, it can react more quickly. As well as fuels required for aircrafts in terminals, there are also fuels or various products to be used during the operating activities. In addition, it should not be forgotten that the materials (walls, ceilings, insulation materials, fixtures, etc.) used in every stage of the building design and the objects that can be brought with the passengers may contribute to the spread of fire. These situations should be known to determine the risk that may occur:  flammable liquids, solvents (oil, diesel, petrol, aircraft fuels and paraffin) and flammable gases(LPG, propane and natural gas),  lubricants and fuels (mechanical equipment lubricants and generator and vehicle fuels),  stored goods (foodstuffs containing sugar and oil plus paper products),  timber and plastic storage aids,  rubber and plastics (flammable foam-filled furniture and expanded plastic display materials),  waste products,  combustible insulation, fixtures and fittings (textiles and soft furnishings and upholstered furniture), and  passenger baggage etc. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 10.6.3. Design approach Normal building codes are rarely applied to large airport terminal buildings, and a fire engineering approach is normally called for. The approach commences with a qualitative design review meeting which involves all relevant stakeholders including the client, architect, engineers, fire brigade and fire consultants. The qualitative design review should include a review of the architectural design and occupant characteristics, the fire safety objectives, identification of the fire hazards and possible consequences, trial fire safety designs, identification of acceptance criteria and methods of analysis and fire scenarios for analysis. Based on the above, a comprehensive fire strategy will be developed addressing the areas outlined above. This will include fire safety in areas such as the baggage handling zone which requires careful consideration as it generally consists of a large volume with many baggage conveyors, sorters, platforms and mezzanines. There are issues associated with means of escape due to the highly complex environment and extended travel distances and also the maintenance of compartmentation between the handling hall and other parts of the terminal. This (i.e. a fire engineered) approach ensures that the airport terminal design provides a high standard of fire safety for occupants whilst minimizing the risk of fire affecting the operation of the terminal or of damaging the fabric and contents of the building. Fire safety strategies To ensure fire safety of terminal buildings, the following components are normally considered: (1) Passive Building Construction: Building Structure The main objective of providing PBC is to confine the fire area when a fire occurs. Providing fire resistance construction is to ensure that the fire will be burnt out within the confined area when the combustible materials are consumed. The fire resistance period (FRP) should be longer than the duration of the fire. Extensive use of glass is employed for the building facade. To avoid imposing any hazards on the occupants or the firefighting personnel, glass with special treatment should be installed to avoid breaking into small pieces in case of fire. (2) Compartmentation For the compartmentation inside the airport terminals, fire shutters satisfying the criteria of integrity or water curtains would be good in separating the areas of the big halls into several compartments in case of fire. This would block fire spreading from the fire zone to the adjacent premises. Other than fire shutters, smoke barriers or smoke screens would also be used to give smoke compartments. The smoke would be removed by means of the static or dynamic smoke control systems. About the retail areas, water curtain would also be installed in front of each shop so as to reduce the heat transmitting through the openings of the shop. (3) Exhibition areas The spaces of the airport terminals are not supposed to be used as coffee lounge areas and exhibition areas. Fire safety provisions may not be able to control a fire when the Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) spaces are used as those purposes. Fire shutters satisfying the criteria of integrity should be installed to separate these areas. However, the best way is to stop using the space for those proposes. (4) Firefighting installations It is normal to see sprinkler system being provided for terminal areas. In fact, sprinkler systems might not be effective inside the halls due to the high ceilings (height above 15 Mtr). The higher the ceiling, the lower the temperature of smoke when it reaches the sprinklers and so the time for the activation of sprinkler is delayed. Also, there may not be adequate water droplets to reach the fire area. Other firefighting systems include portable extinguishers, hose reels, standpipe systems, fixed clean agent or water mist systems for other areas based on applicability and effectiveness. (5) Smoke extraction system A suitable smoke extraction system should be provided to ensure that tenability requirements are met when the system operates. It should be considered that ste smoke particles cooled down by the sprinklers would be pulled down. If occupants are not evacuated efficiently, a dangerous situation would be occurred due to the high optical smoke density and low visibility. (6) Fire safety management FSM is adopted to minimize the occurrence of fire. This is including good housekeeping, staff training, the actions to be taken when fire is occurred and fire prevention. FSM should include at least, routine checking of the emergency systems; frequently fire emergency exercises for the operational staff, involving fire-fighting and rescue operations; minimum storage of dangerous or flammable goods; adding fire retardant to combustibles and good fire education for occupants. Control of risk factors (1) Managing passenger movement Except the retail areas, passenger loading inside the airport terminals would not be too high. However, before the security counters, it is always found that large amount of the passengers would be queued up. If an emergency occurs, the escape route may easily be blocked and increased the risk of occupants being subject to fire and smoke. Therefore, in order to minimize the staying time of the passengers inside the airport terminals, it is important to increase the number of security counters to be operated so as to shorten the waiting time for security checking of each passenger. (2) Fire load density The amount of combustibles inside each shop of the shopping areas should be restricted to the maximum fire load density, i.e. 1135 MJm-2 as indicated in the local code. Those combustible items should be kept away from the door sides in order not to block the exit and accelerate the spread of fire. Besides reducing the fire load, the location of the mobile combustibles would change the potential risk. Increasing the distance between the goods would reduce the fire risk. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 10.6.4. DGCA The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organisation. The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of India The administration of the following Act and Rules is governed by DGCA: o The Aircraft Act, 1934 o Rules  The Aircraft Rules, 1937  The Aircraft (Demolition of Obstruction caused by Buildings and Trees etc.) Rules, 1994  The Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003  The Aircraft (Security) Rules,2011  The Aircraft (Investigation of Accident and Incidents) Rules, 2017 10.6.5. AAI Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country. AAI manages a total of 137 airports which include 24 International airports (3 Civil Enclaves), 10 Custom Airports (4 Civil Enclaves) and 103 Domestic airports (23 Civil Enclaves). AAI provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of air space. Important functions of the AAI include: 1. Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves. 2. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO. 3. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals. 4. Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports. 5. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals at airports. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 6. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc. 7. Provision of visual aids. 8. Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc. 10.7. Metro stations Currently, there are at least 10 operational metros in the country, and as many as another 20 being planned/ or under various stages of construction. Within Gujarat, Ahmedabad- Gandhinagar and Surat are expected to have Metro facilities in the near future. Metro stations can be classified under Assembly occupancies. These shall include any station building or part thereof, permanent or temporary, through which people transit for the duration of time required to enter the building and board the train to depart the station platform or to alight from the train and depart from the station building. While the likelihood of fires in metro stations is very low, the number of people who will be put at risk will be very high due to the number of people who use the metro stations. As metro stations have specific requirements, their design for life safety and fire protection is different from other normal buildings. Keeping this in mind, the NBC Part 4 recommends using Annexure J for ensuring fire and life safety requirements for such facilities. 10.8. Marine industry Gujarat, situated on the western coast of India, is a principal Maritime State endowed with favourable strategic port locations. The prominence of Gujarat is a virtue of having nearly 1600 kms long coastline, which accounts for 1/3rd of the coastline of India. The State acts a natural gateway to the rich land-locked northern and central hinterland. It has a multiple range of ports along with a wide range of cargos. Gulf of Cambay and Gulf of Kutch provides natural navigational safety and logistical advantage to northern and central parts of India and proximity to West Asia, Africa and Europe. This helps to capitalize on the strong manufacturing and trading base. There are government (Gujarat Maritime Board) owned and operated ports, private ports and terminals, handling different types of cargo, both industrial and commercial. Some of the important ports are - Alang, Bedi, Bhavnagar Port, Bilimora, Port of Dahej, Ghogha, Hazira Port, Jafrabad, Port of Jakhau, Jodia, Kandla, Port of Magdalla, Mandvi, Maroli, Mundra, Port of Navlakhi, Okha, Porbandar, Pipavav, Salaya, Sikka, Tuna Port, Veraval, Victor Port. 10.8.1. Facilities found at ports & marine terminals Depending on the type of products handled and scale of operations, their infrastructure vary greatly. From a fire hazard point of view, warehouse buildings, hazardous storage, large workshop buildings, port operation buildings, Office buildings, and even passenger terminals are of significance. These buildings can be categorized into one of the occupancy/ sub-types and the required fire prevention, life safety and fire prevention measures applied Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) accordingly. the facilities at different Ports will vary. However, some facilities which are commonly found in most ports and terminals are: Loading and unloading facility It is the mandatory part of every port to allow loading and unloading of freight as well as people in a ship. Infrastructure and equipment A port has piers, basins, stacking or storage areas, warehouses to store various ferry equipment. Each port is equipped with essential equipment for e.g. hauling equipment’s, draggers, cranes, trucks, loaders, etc. Warehouses These are available on all the ports, for storing the shipment and for maintaining regular stock. Other facilities Some other essential facilities are also available at seaports namely hotels, restaurants, restrooms and eateries for the port visitors. Some of the ports are provided with medical facilities to the people present there, if there is no hospital in the vicinity it becomes obligatory for the port to provide with primary medical services. Workshop All the bigger and significant ports provide the facility of vessel workshop. It is the place where one can get spare parts and accessories of a vessel. Also, the vessels which have gone out of order are repaired and catered in the workshop Office & other buildings These are buildings which will allow business related to the port operations to be carried out. Visitors are expected to be present in such buildings and so these are normally located such that they can be accessed without entering the port premises. In modern ports where the port loading and unloading operations are automated, there may be buildings which house the operator’s cabins from where they can operate the cranes remotely. 10.8.2. Fire safety at ports and terminals It requires an appropriate balance between good design features, safe operational procedures and good emergency planning. Fire protection alone will not provide an acceptable level of safety. Fire protection measures should not interfere with mooring or other operations. Fire protection measures are not effective in limiting the frequency and size of spills or in minimizing sources of ignition. Automatic detection of fire, and the subsequent rapid response of emergency personnel and fire protection equipment, will limit the spread of fire and the hazard to life and property at unmanned locations or at locations Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) with limited numbers of personnel. Fire safety at terminals is provided through overlapping levels of protection as follows: Evacuation procedures There should be at least two separate evacuation routes from all occupied or work areas and from berthed tankers. Escape routes should be located such that, in the event of fire, at least one route provides a safe evacuation path, sufficiently far from the source of probable fire to afford personnel protection during evacuation. Evacuation routes and secondary evacuation routes should be clearly marked, and preferably numbered, in order that precise instructions can be given to personnel to proceed via a designated route and/or disembarkation position. Detection and alarm facilities In general terms, automatic detection & alarm systems have the purposes of alerting personnel and initiating a system to respond with the aim of reducing loss of life and property due to fires or other hazardous conditions. These systems may have one or more circuits to which automatic fire detectors, manual activation points, water flow alarm devices, combustible gas detectors and other initiating devices are connected. Combustible & toxic gas detectors are designed to sense the presence of combustible or toxic gases to provide an early warning. They are used to provide continuous monitoring of potentially hazardous areas to safeguard against fire or explosion and for personnel protection from toxic gas leaks. Fire protection equipment & systems Portable and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers and Monitors Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers should be provided at every terminal berth on a scale relative to the size, location and frequency of use of the berth. Portable fire extinguishers should be located so that a fire extinguisher can be reached without travelling more than 15 metres. Wheeled extinguishers should normally be located in accessible positions at each end of loading arm gantries or at the berth approach access point. Fire water at terminals is often provided by the unlimited supply available from the river, canal or dock basin. Where the fire water supply is obtained from static storage, such as a tank or reservoir, then the reserve for fire-fighting purposes should be equivalent to at least 4 hours continuous use at the maximum design capacity of the fire-fighting system. Electric motor, diesel engine and steam turbine driven pumps are acceptable. However, the choice of steam turbine and electric drivers should take into account the reliability of the steam and power supplies at a particular installation. Typically, a combination of diesel and electric driven pumps is preferred. The hydrant points generally consist of headers with individually valved outlets fitted with a fire hose connection suitable for the particular type of fire hose coupling in use locally. Hydrants are generally spaced at intervals of not more than 45 metres in the berth or loading arm areas and not more than 90 metres along the approach or access routes. Isolating valves should be fitted so as to prevent the loss of all fire-fighting systems due to a single fracture or blockage of the fire-main network. Monitors may be used for foam and water, although Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) specific types may be designed solely for foam. Large capacity monitors would normally be on a fixed mounting or on a mobile unit. Monitors may be situated at berth or wharf deck level (normally only suitable at small terminals) or may be mounted on fixed towers. Fire-main construction materials should be compatible with the water supply. The minimum capacities and pressures for fire water mains are dependent upon whether the system is to be used for cooling or for the production of foam, and upon the length of jet required. The fire water system of marine terminals and berths that handle international tankers should have at least one International Shore Fire Connection, complete with nuts and bolts, through which water could be supplied to a tanker’s fire-main if required for shipboard firefighting. Parking areas should be provided for fire-fighting vehicles close to terminal approaches. The provision of a lay-by or ‘passing’ area on jetty approach structures should also be considered. Emergency planning All terminals should have procedures ready for immediate implementation in the event of an emergency. The procedures should cover all types of emergency that can be envisaged in the context of particular activities at the terminal, for example major oil spillage, gas leak resulting in an unconfined vapor cloud, fire, explosion and ill or injured persons. While the deployment of fire-fighting equipment is likely to be prominent in any emergency procedure, equipment such as breathing apparatus, resuscitation equipment, stretchers and means of escape or exit should also be covered. Personnel involved must be familiar with the emergency procedures, should be adequately trained and should clearly understand the action they would be required to take in responding to an emergency. 10.9. Nuclear industry fire safety Operational experience throughout the world has shown that fire in nuclear power plants is a significant threat to plant safety among internal hazards because of the frequency of its occurrence and because of the severity and unpredictability of its development. In order to ensure that a fire which might occur in any location of a nuclear power plant will not jeopardize the safety of the reactor, a fire safety assessment is normally carried out. This is achieved through deterministic analysis which can be supplemented, if required, with probabilistic evaluations. The important concepts which are applicable to this FSA are -  Structures, systems and components important to safety of a nuclear facility and a nuclear waste facility shall be designed and located as well as protected in a way to make the likelihood of internal events (such as fires) small and their effect on facility safety insignificant.  The fire protection for the nuclear facility shall be so planned that during and after a potential fire situation the nuclear facility can be brought to a controlled state and this Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) state can be maintained for as long as the prerequisites for a transfer to a safe state can be guaranteed and the release of radioactive substances into the environment can be prevented.  For the inclusion of all aspects of fire protection, an expert responsible for fire protection design shall be nominated for the duration of nuclear facility’s design and construction. The expert shall have sufficient qualifications and experience in nuclear, radiation and fire safety. 10.9.1. Fire prevention & fire protection Fire Safety within a nuclear facility shall be based on the defense in depth approach to fire protection, which aims to: – prevent the ignition of a fire – rapidly detect and extinguish ignited fires – prevent fire growth and spreading of a fire – contain a fire so that the facility’s safety functions can be reliably performed irrespective of the effects of the fire. Fire growth and spread shall be prevented and the effects mitigated by reliable technical means including: – fire separation of buildings and safety divisions – fire compartmentation and local fire protection – stopping/ rerouting of ventilation to restrict supply of oxygen and prevent smoke spread – spread prevention and extraction of smoke and combustion gases. Fire compartmentation is based on compartmentation by storey and compartmentation by use. Rooms with varying purposes of use, such as control rooms, process rooms, computer rooms, electrical and switch rooms, cable spaces, battery rooms and active carbon filter rooms, shall be separated as their own fire compartments. Fire compartment shall not, in terms of radiation protection, have rooms belonging to both the controlled area and the clean area. The interconnecting spaces intended for personnel traffic at the boundary between the controlled and clean area shall be separated into individual fire compartments Fire detection & protection systems: A fire shall be detected and promptly extinguished by active fire protection arrangements including e.g. – an automatic fire detection system covering the entire facility – protection of components containing significant fire hazards by fixed extinguishing systems – fire protection during fire-hazardous work – operative firefighting setup, including fire water network and systems, and trained full- time staff round the clock. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Designing fire protection systems for nuclear power plants is not a one-size-fits-all endeavor. Systems must be customized based on individual plant risks, layout and schematics, piping infrastructure, and overall plant conditions. In addition to addressing unique plant configurations, custom solutions need to maintain compliance with licensing requirements, as well as integrate strict guidelines into the distinct environment of an individual plant. This can be painstaking and demands a great deal of expertise. In most cases, the requirement is to maintain two working primary fire pumps and two jockey pumps, or it would be required to take the nuclear reactor offline. If repairs are needed and they cannot be completed within the mandated maintenance window, which is typically three to five days, regulations dictate that the nuclear reactor must be taken offline—a consequence that would result in an enormous expense It shall be demonstrated that a single failure or deviation in fire protection does not lead to uncontrolled fire spread and endanger the facility’s safety. Situations such as those involving an open fire door, or fire dampers that fail to close, shall be analyzed as impairments of fire compartmentation. As common cause failures of active fire protection systems, situations shall be analyzed where a fire detection system is non-operational, the fire extinguishing system does not start, or the operation of the plant fire brigade is delayed. The nuclear power plant shall have an operative firefighting readiness consisting of fire protection performed by the plant fire brigade, plant personnel and off-site fire brigades 10.9.2. AERB AERB (The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) was constituted on 15 November 1983 by the President of India by exercising the powers conferred by Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board has the powers to lay down safety standard and frame rules and regulations regarding to the regulatory and safety requirements envisaged under the Atomic Energy Act,1962. The functions of Atomic Energy Regulatory Board shall be to:  Develop Safety Codes, Guides and Standards for siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of the different types of plants, keeping in view the international recommendations and local requirements and develop safety policies in both radiation and industrial safety areas.  Ensure compliance by DAE and non-DAE installations of safety codes and standards during construction commissioning stages  Advise AEC/DAE on technical matters that may specifically be referred to it in connection with the siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of the plants under DAE.  Review from the safety angle requests for authorizing/ commissioning/ operation of DAE Projects/plants. Before authorization of commissioning/ operation of the plant/ project is granted, the AERB will be satisfied by appropriate review of: Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) – Final design Analysis Report prepared by the project plant; – Commissioning reports and results thereof; and – Proposed operating procedures and operational limits and conditions; that the plant/project can be operated without undue risk to the operating personnel and the population  Review health and safety aspects of modifications in design/ operation involving changes in the technical specification adopted in any of the DAE units.  Review operational experience in the light of the radiological and other safety criteria recommended by the international Commission on Radiological Protection, International Atomic Energy Agency and such other international bodies and adapted to suit Indian conditions, and thereby evolve major safety policies.  Prescribe acceptable limits of radiation exposure to occupational workers and members of the public and approve acceptable limits of environmental release of radioactive substances. (In the DAE units, the AERB shall also prescribe limits for environmental release of conventional pollutants)  Review the emergency preparedness plans prepared by the different DAE units, similar plans for non-DAE installations and during transport of large radioactive sources (e.g. irradiated fuel kilo/mega curie sources, fissile materials).  Promote research and development efforts for fulfilling the above functions and responsibilities.  Review the training program, qualifications and licensing policies for personnel by the project/plants.  Prescribe the syllabi for training of personnel in safety aspects at all levels.  Enforce rules and regulations promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 for radiation safety in the country and under the Factories Act, 1948 for industrial safety in the units under the control of DAE.  Maintain liaison with statutory bodies in the country as well as abroad regarding safety matters.  Take such steps as necessary to keep the public informed on major issues of radiological safety significance.  Perform such other functions as may be assigned to it by the Atomic Energy Commission  The AERB will have the powers of the Competent Authority to enforce rules and regulations framed under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 for radiation safety in the country.  The AERB shall have authority to administer the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, the industrial safety for the units of DAE as per Section 23 of the Atomic Energy Act,1962. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST)  The executive functions of the AERB shall be vested in Chairman, AERB. He shall exercise full powers of the Head of a Department under the Delegation of Financial Power Rules, Supplementary Rules. General Financial Rules, General Provident Fund Rules, Contributory Provident Fund Rules, Treasury Rules and other relevant orders issued from time to time. He is empowered to delegate such of his powers as are re- delegatable to any of the officers in the AERB Secretariat.  The DAE will provide the necessary administrative support to the AERB in this regard to its budget, parliamentary work and establishment and accounts matters.  This order is issued in suppression of all previous orders on the subject. With the creation of the AERB, the function and responsibilities of the DAE SRC are being redefined in a separate order. 10.10. Annexure 2: List of some Important OISD standards Current Sr. OISD Standard Standard Name Edition in No. /GDN /RP No Vogue 1 OISD-STD-105 Work Permit System Sep, 2004 2 OISD-RP-110 Recommended Practices on Static Electricity Oct, 2018 3 OISD-STD-113 Classification of Area for Electrical Installations at Oct, 2013 Hydrocarbon Processing & Handling Facilities 4 OISD-STD-114 Safe Handling of Hazardous Chemicals Oct, 2010 Guidelines on Fire Fighting Equipment and Appliances 5 OISD-GDN-115 in Petroleum Industry Jul, 2000 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries and 6 OISD-STD-116 Oil/Gas Processing Plants Oct, 2017 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots, 7 OISD-STD-117 Terminals, Pipeline Installations & Lube oil installations Oct, 2017 8 OISD-STD-142 Inspection of firefighting equipment and systems Feb, 1996 9 OISD-STD-144 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations Oct, 2017 Guidelines on Internal Safety Audits (Procedures and 10 OISD-GDN-145 Sep, 2001 Checklist) 11 OISD-RP-149 Design aspects for safety in electrical systems Oct, 2013 Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Current Sr. OISD Standard Standard Name Edition in No. /GDN /RP No Vogue Fire Protection Facilities for Ports Handling 12 OISD-STD-156 Hydrocarbons Oct, 2017 Safety in Transportation of Bulk Petroleum Products 13 OISD-RP-157 (Rail and Road) Aug, 2019 LPG Tank Trucks - Requirements of Safety on 14 OISD-STD-159 Design/Fabrication & Fittings Oct, 2018 15 OISD-GDN-161 LPG Tank Truck Incidents Rescue & Relief Operations Oct, 2018 16 OISD-STD-163 Process Control Room Safety Sep, 2004 Fire Prevention and Protection System for Electrical 17 OISD-STD-173 Oct, 2017 Installations 18 OISD-GDN-180 Lightning Protection 19 OISD-STD-191 Chapter 11: Oil Field Explosive Safety Oct, 2018 Oct, 2017 Annexures 20 OISD-GDN-192 Safety Practices during Construction Apr, 2016 Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 11. Annexures 11.1. Annexure 1: Fire Risk Assessment Checklist Template 11.2. Annexure 2: List of some Important OISD standards For various forms and checklists, refer the Gujarat State Fire Act, Rules and Regulations and recent amendments. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Chapter 12: List of Various Acts, Rules, Regulations and Standards Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 12. List of Various Acts, Rules, Regulations And Standards The following list records those standards which are acceptable as good practice and accepted standards in the fulfillment of the requirements of the Code. The latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may be used by the Authority for conformance with the requirements of the referred clauses in the Code. In the following list, the number appearing in the first column within parentheses indicates the number of the reference in this Part. • National Building code, 2016, PART 4 - Fire and Life Safety • Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life safety measure act 2013 • Gujarat Fire prevention and Life Safety measure rule 2014 • Gujarat Fire Prevention and Life Safety Regulations 2016 • Indian Factory Act 1947 AND Gujarat Factory Rule 1963 • National Disaster Management Act, 2005. • IS 3808 : 1979 Method of test for non-combustibility of building materials (first revision) • IS/ISO 834-1:1999 : Fire resistance tests Elements of building construction Part 1 General requirements • IS/ISO 834-4:2000 : Fire resistance tests - Elements of building construction: Part 4 Specific requirements for load bearing vertical separating elements • IS/ISO 834-5 : Fire resistance tests - Elements 2000 of building construction: Part 5 Specific requirements for load bearing horizontal separating elements • IS/ISO 834-6:2000 : Fire resistance test - Elements of building constructions: Part 6 Specific requirements for beams • IS/ISO 834-7:2000 : Fire resistance tests - Elements of building construction: Part 7 Specific requirements for columns • IS/ISO 834-8: 2003 : Fire resistance tests - Elements of building construction: Part 8 Specific requirements for non-load bearing vertical separating elements • IS/ISO 834-9: 2003 : Fire resistance tests - Elements of building construction: Part 9 Specific requirements for non-load bearing ceiling elements Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 8757 : 1999 Glossary of terms associated with fire safety (first revision) 7673 : 2004 Glossary of terms for firefighting equipment (first revision) • IS 8758 : 2013 Code of practice for fire precautionary measures in construction of temporary structures and pandals (second revision) • IS 9668 : 1990 Code of practice for provision and maintenance of water supplies and fire fighting • IS 3844 : 1989 Code of practice for installation and maintenance of internal fire hydrants and hose reels on premises (first revision) • IS 1646 : 2015 Code of practice for fire safety of buildings (general) : Electrical installations (third revision) • IS 9457 : 2005 Code of practice for safety colours and safety signs (first revision) • IS 12349 : 1988 Fire protection - Safety sign • IS 12407 : 1988 Graphic symbols for fire protection plans • IS 11360 : 1985 Specification for smoke detectors for use in automatic electrical fire alarm system • IS 655 : 2006 Specification for air ducts • IS 1649 : 1962 Code of practice for design and construction of flues and chimneys for domestic heating appliances (first revision) • IS 1642 : 2013 Code of practice for safety of buildings (general): Details of construction (second revision) • IS 12777 : 1989 Method for classification of flame spread of products • IS 1642 : 2013 Code of practice for safety of buildings (general): Details of construction (second revision) • IS 16246 : 2015: Elastomer insulated cables with limited circuit Integrity when affected by fire - Specification • IS 6044 (Part 1):2013 : Liquefied petroleum gas storage installations - Code of Practice : Part 1 Residential commercial and industrial cylinder installations • IS 6044 (Part 2):2001 : Code of Practice for liquefied petroleum gas storage Installations: Part 2 Commercial, industrial and domestic bulk storage installations Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 2175 : 1988: Specification for heat sensitive fire detectors for use in automatic fire alarm system (second revision) • IS/ISO 7240-5: 2003 :Fire detection and alarm systems: Part 5 Point-type heat detectors • IS/ISO 7240-7: 2011 :Fire detection and alarm systems: Part 7 Point-type smoke detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization • IS/ISO 7240-11: 2011: Fire detection and alarm systems: Part 11 Manual call points • IS/ISO 7240-15: 2004 :Fire detection and alarm systems: Part 15 Point-type fire detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization sensor in combination with a heat sensor • IS 11360 : 1985 Specification for smoke detectors for use in automatic electrical fire alarm system • IS 2189 : 2008 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic fire detection and alarm system (second revision) • IS 636 : 1988 Specification for non-percolating flexible fire fighting delivery hose (third revision) • IS 884 : 1985 Specification for first-aid hose reel for firefighting(first revision) • IS 901 : 1988 Specification for couplings, double male and double female instantaneous pattern for firefighting (third revision) • IS 902 : 1992 Specification for suction hose couplings for firefighting purposes (third revision) • IS 903 : 1993 Specification for fire hose delivery couplings, branch pipe, nozzles and nozzle spanner (fourth revision) • IS 904 : 1983 Specification for two-way and three-way suction collecting heads for firefighting purposes (second revision) • IS 905 : 1980 Specification for delivery breechings, dividing and collecting, instantaneous pattern for firefighting purposes (second revision) • IS 906 : 1988 Specification for revolving branch pipe for firefighting (third revision) • IS 907 : 1984 Specification for suction strainers, cylindrical type for firefighting purpose (second revision) • IS 908 : 1975 Specification for fire hydrant, stand post type (second revision) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 909 : 1992 Specification for underground fire hydrant : Sluice valve type (third revision) • IS 910 : 1980 Specification for combined key for hydrant, hydrant cover and lower valve (second revision) • IS 926 : 1985 Specification for fireman’s axe (second revision) • IS 927 : 1981 Specification for fire hooks (second revision) • IS 928 : 1984 Specification for fire bells (second revision) • IS 937 : 1981 Specification for washers for water fittings for firefighting purposes (second revision) • IS 939 : 1977 Specification for snatch block for use with fibre rope for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS 941 : 1985 Specification for blowers and exhauster for firefighting (second revision) • IS 942 : 1982 Functional requirements for 275 l/min portable pump set for firefighting (second revision) • IS 943 : 1979 Functional requirement for 680 l/min trailer pump for fire brigade use (second revision) • IS 944 : 1979 Functional requirement for 1800 l/min trailer pump for fire brigade use (second revision) • IS 947 : 1985 Functional requirement for towing tender for trailer fire pump for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS 948 : 1983 Functional requirement for water tender, Type A, for fire brigade use (second revision) • IS 949 : 2012 Functional requirement for emergency (rescue) tender (third revision) • IS 950 : 2012 Functional requirements for water tender, Type B for fire brigade use (third revision) • IS 952 : 1986 Specification for fog nozzle for fire brigade use (second revision) • IS 955 : 1980 Functional requirements for dry power tender for fire-brigade use (150 kg capacity) (first revision) • IS 957 : 1967 Specification for control van for fire brigade Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 1941 (Part 1): 1976 : Functional requirements for electric motor sirens :Part 1 AC, 3-Phase, 50 Hz, 415 volts type (second revision) • IS 2097 : 2012 Specification for foam making branch pipe and foam inductor (second revision) • IS 2175 : 1988 Specification for heat sensitive fire detectors for use in automatic detectors for use in automatic fire alarm system (second revision) • IS 2546 : 1974 Specification for galvanized mild steel fire bucket (first revision) • IS 2696 : 1974 Functional requirements for 1125 l/min light fire engine (first revision) • IS 2745 : 1983 Specification for non-metal helmet for firemen and civil defense personnel (second revision) • IS 2871 : 2012 Specification for branch pipe, universal for firefighting purposes (second revision) • IS 2878 : 2004 Specification for fire extinguisher, carbon-dioxide type (portable and trolley mounted) (third revision) • IS 2930 : 1980 Functional requirements for hose laying tender for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS 3582 : 1984 Specification for basket strainers for firefighting purposes (cylindrical type) (first revision) • IS 4308 : 2003 Specification for dry chemical powder for firefighting B and C class fires (second revision) • IS 4571 : 1977 Specification for aluminum extension ladders for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS 4643 : 1984 Specification for suction wrenches for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS 4861 : 1984 Specification for dry powder for fighting fires in burning metals (first revision) • IS 4927 : 1992 Specification for unlined flax canvas hose for firefighting (first revision) • IS 4928 : 1986 Specification for delivery valve for centrifugal pump outlets (first revision) • IS 4947 : 2006 Specification for gas cartridges for use in fire extinguishers (third revision) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 4989 : 2006 Foam concentrate for producing mechanical foam for firefighting - Specification (third revision) • IS 4989 (Part 4) 2003 : Specification for multipurpose aqueous film forming foam liquid concentrate for extinguishing hydrocarbon and polar solvent fires • IS 5131 : 2002 Specification for dividing breeching with control, for fire brigade use (second revision) • IS 5290 : 1993 Specification for landing valve (third revision) • IS 5486 : 1985 Specification for quick release knife (first revision) • IS 5505 : 1985 Specification for multi-edged rescue axe (non-wedging) (first revision) • IS 5612 Specification for hose-clamps and hose-bandages for fire brigade use (Part 1) : 1977: Hose clamps (first revision) (Part 2) : 1977 Hose bandages (first revision) • IS 5714 : 1981 Specification for hydrant, standpipe for firefighting (first revision) • IS 6026 : 1985 Specification for hand operated sirens (first revision) • IS 6067 : 1983 Functional requirements for water tender, Type ‘X’ for fire brigade use (first revision) • IS/ISO 7240-5:2003 :Fire detection and alarm systems - Part 5: Point-type heat detectors • IS/ISO 7240-7 :Fire detection and alarm 2011 systems - Part 7: Point-type smoke detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization • IS/ISO 7240-11:Fire detection and alarm systems - 2011 Part 11 Manual call points • IS 8090 : 1992 Specification for couplings, branch pipe, nozzle, used in hose reel tubing for firefighting (first revision) • IS 8096 : 1992 Specification for fire beaters (first revision) • IS 8149 : 1994 Functional requirements for twin CO2 fire extinguishers (trolley mounted) (first revision) • IS 8423 : 1994 Specification for controlled percolating hose for firefighting (first revision) • IS 8442 : 2008 Specification for stand post type water and foam monitor for firefighting (first revision) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 9972 : 2002 Specification for automatic sprinkler heads (first revision) • IS 10460 : 1983 Functional requirements for small foam tender for fire brigade use • IS 10658 : 1999 Specification for higher capacity dry powder fire extinguisher (trolley mounted) (first revision) • IS 10993 : 1984 Functional requirements for 2 000 kg dry powder tender for fire brigade use • IS 11101 : 1984 Specification for extended branch pipe for fire brigade use • IS 11108 : 1984 Specification for portable fire extinguisher halon-1211 type • IS 11833 : 1986 Specification for dry powder fire extinguisher for metal fires • IS 12717 : 1989 Functional requirements of firefighting equipment - High capacity portable pump set (1 100-1 600 l/min) • IS 12796 : 1989 Specification for fire rake • IS 13039 : 1991 Code of practice for provision and maintenance of external hydrant system • IS 13385 : 1992 Specification for fire extinguisher 50 capacity wheel mounted water type (Gas cartridge) • IS 13386 : 1992 Specification for 50 litre capacity fire extinguisher, mechanical foam type • IS 14609 : 1999 Specification for ABC dry powder for firefighting • IS 14933 : 2001 Specification for high pressure fire fighting hose • IS 14951 : 2001 Specification for fire extinguisher, 135 litre capacity mechanical foam type • IS 15051 : 2002 Specification for high pressure fire hose delivery couplings • IS 15105 : 2002/ ISO 6182-1 : Design and installation of fixed automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system • IS 15220 : 2002/ ISO 7201-1 : Specification for halon 1211 and halon 1301 - fire extinguishing media for fire protection • IS 15683 : 2006/ ISO 7165 : 2009: Portable fire extinguishers - Performance and construction — Specification Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 11360 : 1985 Specification for smoke detectors for use in automatic electrical fire alarm system • IS 15493 : 2004/ ISO 14520-1 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems : General requirements • IS 15505 : 2004/ ISO 14520-6 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems: HCFC Blend A extinguishing systems • IS 15506 : 2004/ ISO 14520-14: Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 55 extinguishing systems • IS 15525 : 2004/ ISO 14520-13 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 100 extinguishing systems • IS 15501 : 2004/ ISO 14520-15: Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 541 extinguishing systems • IS 15497 : 2004/ ISO 14520-12 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 01 extinguishing systems • IS 15519 : 2004 Code of practice for water mist fire protection systems - System design, installation and commissioning • IS 15517 : 2004/ ISO 14520-9 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - Carbon dioxide, total flooding and local application including in cabinet subfloors systems • IS 15517 : 2004/ ISO 14520-9 : Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - HFC 227ea (Hepta Fluoro Propane) extinguishing system • IS 2190 : 2010 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of portable first-aid fire extinguishers (fourth revision) • IS 884 : 1985 Specification for first aid hose reel for firefighting (first revision) • IS 15105 : 2002 Design and installation of fixed automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system • IS 15325 : 2003 Design and installation of fixed automatic high and medium velocity water spray system — Code of practice • IS 12835 (Part 1) : 1989 : Design and installation of fixed foam fire extinguishing system - Code of practice: Part 1 Low expansion foam Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 15528 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - Carbon dioxide, total flooding and local application (sub-floor and in-cabinet), high and low floor pressure (refrigerated) systems • IS 15519 : 2004 Water mist fire protection systems - System design, installation and commissioning — Code of Practice • IS 15493 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing Systems - General requirements • IS 15497 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 01 extinguishing systems • IS 15501 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 541 extinguishing systems • IS 15505 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - HCFC Blend A • IS 15506 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 55 extinguishing systems • IS 15517 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - HFC 227 ea (Hepta fluoro propane) extinguishing systems • IS 15525 : 2004 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems - IG 100 extinguishing systems • IS 2189 : 2008 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic fire detection and alarm system (fourth revision) • IS 2190 : 2010 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of portable first-aid fire extinguishers (fourth revision) • IS 3844 : 1989 Code of practice for installation and maintenance of internal fire hydrants and hose reels on premises (first revision) • IS 9668 : 1990 Code of practice for provision and maintenance of water supplies for firefighting • IS 13039 : 1991 Code of practice for provision and maintenance of external hydrant system • IS 13039 : 2014 External hydrant systems - Provision and maintenance Code of practice • IS 4878 : 1986 Byelaws for construction of cinema buildings (first revision) • IS 2726 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Cotton ginning and pressing (including cotton seed delintering) factories (first revision) • IS 3034 : 1993 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Electrical generating and distributing stations (second revision) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) • IS 3058 : 1990 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Viscose rayon yarn and/or staple fibre plants (first revision) • IS 3079 : 1990 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Cotton textile mills (first revision) • IS 3594 : 1991 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : General storage and warehousing including cold storage (first revision) • IS 3595 : 1984 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Coal pulverizers and associated equipment (first revision) • IS 3836 : 2000 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Jute mills (second revision) • IS 4209 : 2013 Code of safety for chemical laboratories (second revision) • IS 4226 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Aluminium/ Magnesium powder factories (first revision) • IS 4886 : 1991 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Tea factories (first revision) • IS 6329 : 2000 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Saw mills and wood works (first revision) • IS 9109 : 2000 Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings : Paint and Varnish factories • IS 11457 (Part 1): 1985 : Code of practice for fire safety of chemical industries: Part 1 Rubber and plastic • IS 13039 : 2014 External hydrant systems Provision and maintenance Code of practice Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Chapter 13: List of Various National/ International Standards and Organizations Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 13. List of Various National/ International Standards and Organizations 13.1. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the national Standards Body of India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Government of India. It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 which came into effect on 23 December 1986. The Minister in charge of the Ministry or Department having administrative control of the BIS is the ex-officio President of the BIS. It has been providing traceability and tangibility benefits to the national economy in a number of ways – providing safe reliable quality goods; minimizing health hazards to consumers; promoting exports and imports substitute; control over proliferation of varieties etc. through standardization, certification and testing. A new Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 which was notified on 22 March 2016, has been brought into force with effect from 12 October 2017. The Act establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India. As a corporate body, it has 25 members drawn from Central or State Governments, industry, scientific and research institutions, and consumer organizations. Its headquarters are in New Delhi, with regional offices in Eastern Region at Kolkata, southern Region at Chennai, Western Region at Mumbai, Northern Region at Chandigarh and Central Region at Delhi and 20 branch offices. Fire Fighting Sectional Committee, CED 22 of BIS is engaged in formulation of Indian Standards on Fire Fighting equipment/extinguishers using water, carbon dioxide, foam, dry powder and halon as extinguishing agents. In view of the phasing out of halons as per Montreal Protocol, BIS has recently published various standards on halon alternatives. These are intended for use by the Fire brigades and other organizations. BIS has formulated more than 100 standards on firefighting including standards on various type of fire tenders, fire engines, trailer pumps, high capacity portable pump sets etc. Safety of the occupants of the buildings is the fundamental requirement that the owner and the professionals involved endeavor to achieve. Fire Safety Sectional Committee, CED 36 of BIS has formulated a series of Indian Standards pertaining to General requirements and specific to various buildings & industries. Some of the important standards formulated by this Committee are as mentioned in earlier chapter. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) National Building Code (Part 4) – Fire Protection: As a major development, BIS has published NBC (Part 4) Fire Protection which includes comprehensive recommendation of minimum standards of fire protection. It specifies the demarcation of fire zones, restrictions on construction of buildings in each fire zone, classification of buildings based on occupancy, types of building construction according to fire resistance of the structural and nonstructural components and other restrictions and requirements necessary to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building can be evacuated. The Code recognizes that safety of life is more than a matter of means of exits and accordingly deals with various matters which are considered essential to the safety of life. Click here for more information: https://bis.gov.in 13.2. Oil Industries Safety Directorate (OISD), India OISD (Oil Industry Safety Directorate) is a technical directorate under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas that formulates and coordinates the implementation of a series of self-regulatory measures aimed at enhancing the safety in the Oil & Gas industry in India. The following few OISD standards are related to Fire and Safety. Sr. OISD Standard Current No. /GDN /RP No Standard Name Edition In Vogue 1 OISD-STD-105 Work Permit System Sep, 2004 2 OISD-RP-110 Recommended Practices on Static Electricity Oct, 2018 3 OISD-STD-113 Classification of Area for Electrical Installations at Oct, 2013 Hydrocarbon Processing & Handling Facilities 4 OISD-STD-114 Safe Handling of Hazardous Chemicals Oct, 2010 5 OISD-GDN-115 Guidelines on Fire Fighting Equipment and Appliances Jul, 2000 in Petroleum Industry 6 OISD-STD-116 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries and Oct, 2017 Oil/Gas Processing Plants 7 OISD-STD-117 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots, Oct, 2017 Terminals, Pipeline Installations & Lube oil installations 8 OISD-STD-142 Inspection of firefighting equipment and systems Feb, 1996 9 OISD-STD-144 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations Oct, 2017 10 OISD-GDN-145 Guidelines on Internal Safety Audits (Procedures and Sep, 2001 Checklist) 11 OISD-RP-149 Design aspects for safety in electrical systems Oct, 2013 12 OISD-STD-156 Fire Protection Facilities for Ports Handling Oct, 2017 Hydrocarbons 13 OISD-RP-157 Safety in Transportation of Bulk Petroleum Products Aug, (Rail and Road) 2019 14 OISD-STD-159 LPG Tank Trucks - Requirements of Safety on Oct, 2018 Design/Fabrication & Fittings Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Sr. OISD Standard Current No. /GDN /RP No Standard Name Edition In Vogue 15 OISD-GDN-161 LPG Tank Truck Incidents Rescue & Relief Operations Oct, 2018 16 OISD-STD-163 Process Control Room Safety Sep, 2004 17 OISD-STD-173 Fire Prevention and Protection System for Electrical Oct, 2017 Installations 18 OISD-GDN-180 Lightning Protection Oct, 2018 19 OISD-STD-191 Oil Field Explosive Safety Oct, 2017 20 OISD-GDN-192 Safety Practices during Construction Apr, 2016 13.3. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), USA The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a global self-funded nonprofit organization, established in 1896, devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards. NFPA vision: We are the leading global advocate for the elimination of death, injury, property, and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards. NFPA mission: To help save lives and reduce loss with information, knowledge, and passion. NFPA delivers information and knowledge through more than 300 consensus codes and standards, research, training, education, outreach and advocacy; and by partnering with others who share an interest in furthering our mission. NFPA membership totals more than 50,000 individuals around the world. Click here to learn more – https://www.nfpa.org/ List of Few NFPA standards: NFPA Code Description NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NFPA 3 Standard for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems NFPA 4 Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) NFPA Code Description NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam NFPA 11A Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam- Water Spray Systems NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents NFPA 18A Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages NFPA 30B Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment NFPA 32 Standard for Dry-cleaning Facilities Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) NFPA Code Description NFPA 33 Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials NFPA 34 Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids NFPA 35 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film NFPA 42 Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 46 Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50A Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50B Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51 Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes NFPA 51A Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work NFPA 52 Vehicular Natural Gas Fuel Systems Code NFPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code NFPA 56 Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code NFPA 59 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) NFPA Code Description NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70® National Electrical Code® NFPA 70A National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and Two-Family Dwellings NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® 70E® NFPA 72® National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code® NFPA 73 Standard for Electrical Inspections for Existing Dwellings NFPA 75 Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment NFPA 76 Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA 78 Guide on Electrical Inspections NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protective NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures 13.4. Underwriter Laboratories (UL), USA UL LLC is a global safety certification company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois. It maintains offices in 46 countries. Established in 1894 as the Underwriters' Electrical Bureau (a bureau of the National Board of Fire Underwriters), it was known throughout the 20th century as Underwriters Laboratories and participated in the safety analysis of many of that century's new technologies. UL is one of several companies approved to perform safety testing by the U.S. federal agency, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA maintains a list of approved testing laboratories, which are known as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories. Click here to learn more - https://www.ul.com/about Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) 13.5. FM Global, USA FM Global is an American mutual insurance company based in Johnston, Rhode Island, United States, with offices worldwide, that specializes in loss prevention services primarily to large corporations throughout the world in the Highly Protected Risk (HPR) property insurance market sector. "FM Global" is the communicative name of the company, whereas the legal name is "Factory Mutual Insurance Company". FM Global has been named the "Best Property Insurer in the World” by Euromoney Magazine. The company employs a non-traditional business model whereby risk and premiums are determined by engineering analysis as opposed to historically based actuarial calculations. This business approach is centered on the belief that property losses can be prevented or mitigated. FM Global engineering personnel regularly visit insured locations to evaluate hazards and recommend improvements to their property or work practices to reduce physical and financial risks if a loss occurs. Click here to learn more: https://www.fmglobal.com/about-us 13.6. Institutions of Fire Engineers (IFE), UK The Institution of Fire Engineers (IFE) is a worldwide body that provides research, training, conferences and professional qualifications for firefighters and civilians who work in fields related to firefighting, the science of firefighting and prevention, and related technology.[1] The IFE was established in 1918 and upholds professional standards within all public and private fire sectors by offering assessment of knowledge, experience and development and engages with major stakeholders to offer international conferences, identify and promote good practice and enhance technical networks worldwide. The IFE is also an equal recognized Awarding Organization. Members are involved in a number of areas such as: fire dynamics including ignition, chemistry and toxicology; consultations with government in the drafting and implementation of fire safety legislation and regulations; structural fire protection of buildings; fire insurance and arson investigation; behavior pattern of persons faced with emergencies; fire detection and alarm systems, fire appliances and automatic fire fighting systems Specialist interest groups include Fire modelling, heritage buildings, transport, fire investigation and research. Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) Grades of membership: Affiliate, Student, Technician (TIFireE), Graduate (GIFireE), Associate (AIFireE), Member (MIFireE), Fellow (FIFireE). The mission of the Institution is to encourage and improve the science and practice of fire extinction, fire prevention and fire engineering and all operations and expedients connected therewith, and to give an impulse to ideas likely to be useful in connection with or in relation to such science and practice to the members of the Institution and to the community at large. The IFE has c. 10,000 members with 19 UK branches and 22 International branches. The IFE has been a licensed member of the Engineering Council since 2007 and can register those members that meet the necessary criteria as Chartered Engineers (CEng), Incorporated Engineers (IEng) or Engineering Technicians (EngTech).Number of professionally registered members in 2011 were; • 173 EngTech • 32 IEng • 238 CEng The Institution also manages a Register of Fire Risk Assessors and Auditors. The IFE head office moved to Stratford upon Avon, Warwickshire in 2011 from its former home at the Fire Service College at Moreton in Marsh. Click here for more information: https://www.ife.org.uk/ 13.7. Petroleum of Explosive Safety Organization (PESO), Mumbai The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO), formerly known as Department of Explosives, since its inception on 05/09/1898, has been serving the nation as a nodal agency for regulating safety of hazardous substances such as explosives, compressed gas and petroleum. The organization has earned rare distinction as an institution of excellence in matters related to safety in manufacturing/refining, storage, transportation, handling and use of hazardous substances for over a century. Apart from the normal functions of enforcement of statutory safety regulations to safeguard public safety, life, property and environment, the organization has rendered meritorious voluntary services in examination and disposal of Gujarat State Institute for Fire Safety Training (GSIFST) explosives, improvised explosives devices till late eighties of the last century, some of which were of national importance encountered during freedom struggle of the country, terrorist activities in different regions in the country. Till early nineties of the last century, the officers of the organization were carrying out anti-sabotage checks and duties related to VVIP security, Airport Security etc. Click here for more information: https://peso.gov.in/ 13.8. National Disaster Management Authority The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the apex body for Disaster Management in India. Setting up of NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. NDMA is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management. India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and Response. Click here for more information: https://ndma.gov.in/ 13.9. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority The Government of Gujarat established the GSMA in February 2001 to co-ordinate the comprehensive earthquake recovery program. Its vision is to go beyond reconstruction and make Gujarat agriculturally and industrially competitive with improved standards of living and with a capacity to mitigate and manage future disasters. Click here for more information: http://www.gsdma.org/