Friction Materials

SECTION 2: Hazards identification

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Shipped friction materials are not considered hazardous, but operations (¢.g., overheating, burning, machining, abrading, or riveting) that can create airborne dust should be avoided. Such operations could cause exposures in excess of permissible exposure limits for the respective ingredients and should be considered hazardous. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause lung injury, including silicosis. This product may contain impurities like crystalline silica. Crystalline silica has been classified by IARC as a known human carcinogen. Some human studies indicate potential for lung cancer from crystalline silica exposure. Risk of injury depends on duration and level of exposure. Long-term exposures that result in silicosis may result in additional health effects. Revised: new format (formulas & ingredients changed) Page 2 of II

Potential health effects

Inhalation: Dust may cause irritation. Repeated inhalation of dust may affect a variety of organs (See Chronic Section below). Skin: May cause irritation. Prolonged skin contact may cause skin sensitization and/or dermatitis. Eye: Dust may cause irritation and redness. Particles may scratch the eye. Ingestion: Ingestion may cause irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Chronic: Repeated inhalation of dust may cause fibrotic lung disease and increased risk of sinus and respiratory cancer. Long-term dust inhalation may also harm the nervous, gastrointestinal, renal (kidneys), and hematological (blood) systems. Carcinogenicity: COMPONENT NTP IARC

Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Exposure

Overexposure may aggravate pre-existing skin, respiratory, kidney, blood, gastrointestinal and nervous system disorders. Target Organs: Skin, eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal system. Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components ACRYLIC FIBERS (P.A.N. Fibers) (> 9 microns in diameter, considered non-respirable) Inhalation hazard(s) — Overexposure to respirable fibers by inhalation may cause mild and temporary upper respiratory irritation, with discomfort or cough. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated. The oral and dermal animal testing LD 59 values were greater than 5.0 g/kg and 2.0 g/kg, respectively. Other hazard(s) — Skin sensitization has not been observed in human tests. The mechanical action of fibers may cause slight skin irritation at clothing binding points and mild irritation of the eyes and nasal passages. Revised: new format (formulas & ingredients changed) Page 3 of 11 Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components (continued) ALUMINUM OXIDE (non fibrous) Inhalation hazard(s)- Exposure to alumina may cause coughing and shortness of breath. Chronic: Prolonged exposure may affect breathing capacity. Other hazard(s) — Ingestion is not recommended, but adverse affects have not been reported, Alumina is not absorbed through the skin, but contact may cause abrasion. Dust may irritate eyes. ALUMINIA SILICATE Inhalation hazard(s) — Exposure may cause eye, nose, throat, lung and skin irritation. Excessive exposure may cause emphysema and bronchitis Other hazard(s) — Ingestion is not recommended, but adverse effects have not been reported. Not absorbed though skin, but may cause abrasion. Dust may irritate eyes AMORPHOUS SILICA Inhalation hazard({s) — Other hazard{s) — ARAMID FIBERS ( >9 microns in diameter, considered non-respirable) Inhalation hazard(s) — Overexposure to respirable fibers by inhalation may cause mild temporary upper respiratory irritation, with discomfort or cough. Based on animal testing, prolonged and repeated exposure to excessive concentrations of respirable fibers may cause permanent lung injury. Other hazard(s) — Skin sensitization has not been observed in human tests. The mechanical action of fibers may cause slight skin irritation at clothing points and mild irritation of the eyes and nasal passages. BARIUM SULFATE (BARYTES) Inhalation hazard(s) — Should be treated as a nuisance dust. Exposure to barium sulfate may cause paroxysmal coughing, wheezing, difficult breathing, and upper respiratory tract irritation. Other hazard{s) —Adverse effects have not been reported from ingestion. Eye contact may cause temporary discomfort and irritation. BISMUTH SULFIDE Inhalation hazard(s) - Exposure to dust may cause coughing and upper respiratory tract irritation. Other hazard(s) — Contact may cause skin and eye and irritation. BRASS, BRONZE, AND COPPER Inhalation hazard(s) — Acute: may produce irritation of the nose and/or trachea. May produce acute gastroenteric symptoms resulting in vomiting or inflammation and may cause metal fume fever. Chronic: prolonged exposure may cause injury to liver, kidneys or spleen; anemia may develop. Chronic toxicity is reportedly confined to those persons suffering from pre-existing Wilson’s disease. Other hazard(s) — Copper dusts and mists are eye and mucous membrane irritants may be skin sensitizers. Acute exposure may cause metallic taste and nasal ulceration and perforation. Prolonged skin contact may produce sensitization dermatitis. Exposure may result in discoloration of the skin and hair. Ingestion of copper compounds may cause vomiting and collapse. Hemolysis, jaundice, anuria, hypertension and convulsions characterize acute poisoning. CALCIUM CARBONATE Inhalation hazard(s) — Limestone dust is considered a nuisance dust. Prolonged exposure may cause irritation to throat and lung. Silica content is not considered high enough to cause silicosis unless exposures are extremely high and prolonged. Other hazard{s) — May cause mild transient eye irritation. Revised: new format (formulas & ingredients changed) Page 4 of 11 Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components (continued) CALCIUM OXIDE Inhalation hazard(s) — Inhalation of dust causes irritation and inflammation to mucous membranes and respiratory passages. Other hazard(s) — Large doses taken internally cause nausea, vomiting and acidosis. May cause burns to mouth and stomach. Severe irritation to eyes, nose, and moist skin. CALCIUM FLORIDE Inhalation hazard({s) Toxic effects not reported, but exposure to dust may cause coughing and respiratory tract irritation. Other hazard(s) — Contact may cause eye irritation. Long term fluoride exposure causes fluorosis with bone degeneration and teeth mottling. CASHEW COMPOUNDS Inhalation hazard(s) —- Cured cashew particles are generally considered to be a nuisance dust, but prolonged exposure may cause irritation of nasal and respiratory tracts leading to sensitization. In the unlikely event of formalin vapors and/or uncured cashew liquid being present, this may cause dermatitis and could lead to a form of nasal cancer. COPPER SULFIDE Inhalation hazard({s) Other hazard{s) — GLASS FIBERS (>9 microns in diameter, considered non-respirable) Inhalation hazard(s) — Continuous filament fibrous glass is a mechanical irritant. Breathing dusts and fibers may cause short-term irritation of the mouth, nose and throat. Long-term breathing or skin conditions that are aggravated by mechanical irritants may be at a higher risk of worsening from use or contact with this product. Other hazard(s) — Skin contact with dust and fibers may cause itching and short-term irritation. Ingestion may cause short-term mechanical irritation of the stomach and intestines. GRAPHITE Inhalation hazard(s) —- Acute: Exposure may result in cough, dyspnea, black sputum, and fibrosis. Chronic: Prolonged exposure may cause pneumoconiosis. It is reported that diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular system may be aggravated by exposure. GILSONITE Inhalation hazard({s) Other hazard{s) — IRON & IRON OXIDE Inhalation hazard(s) — Repeated or prolonged exposures to iron dust may cause a form of benign pneumoconiosis called siderosis. Exposure is generally not associated with pulmonary fibrosis or disability unless there is concurrent exposure to other fibrosis-producing materials such as silica. Other hazard(s) — Contact may cause skin and eye irritation. _ Revised: new format (formulas & inaredients chanae Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components (continued) IRON CHROMITE (Note is a trivalent chromium compound). Inhalation hazard(s) Negligible Other hazard(s) —LDso (oral) >10g/kg. IRAC states “Chromite ore has been extensively tested in rats by intrabronchial, intrapleural and intrafemoral administration; no increase in the incidence of tumors was seen.” Chromite ore is not explicitly listed by NTP, but the text, under “chromium and certain chromium compound” States: “Injection- site sarcomas were produced in rats and mice after intramuscular, intrapleural and subcutaneous injections of chromite ore.... “ KYANITE (Naturally occurring stiochiometric oxide, 3Alz,O3 2SiO> )). Inhalation hazard{s) May contain naturally occurring trace amounts of crystalline silica. Long term exposure may aggravate pre-existing respiratory conditions and may cause pneumoconiosis {kaolinosis). Other hazard(s) — May irritate eyes and abrade the skin. LIME (Hydrated, Calcium hydroxide) Inhalation hazard(s) — Dust may cause irritation of nasal and respiratory passages.

Other hazards

Lime is a strong eye irritant, and may cause corrosive damage and blindness. Exposure to dust may cause severe skin irritation, drying, and burning, particularly to damaged skin. Swallowing excessive amounts may damage mucous membranes and the digestive system. There are no known chronic hazards. LITHIUM POTASSIUM TITANIUM OXIDE Inhalation hazard({s) — Other hazard{s) MICA Inhalation hazard(s) —Thin amber flakes that are odorless. Long-term exposure to a respirable airborne concentration exceeding the TLV may lead to pneumoconiosis, but usually no functional lung impairment. The symptoms most frequently reported are chronic cough and dyspnea. May contain naturally occurring trace amounts of crystalline silica. MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS — (SYNTHETIC VITREOUS FIBERS) Inhalation hazard(s) — Exposure to respirable fibers by inhalation may cause temporary upper respiratory irritation, with discomfort and cough. Prolonged exposure may cause chronic lung disease. IARC has classified the man-made mineral fibers in these products as Group 3. ACGIH classifies synthetic vitreous fibers as A3, an animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. Other hazard(s) — The mechanical action of fibers may cause skin irritation and irritation of the eyes and nasal passages. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. Note: The emergence of “bio-soluble” forms of man-made fibers has allowed these fiber types to be omitted from classification as a carcinogen according to Note Q in EU Commission Directive 97/69/EC. MULLITE (manufactured, see kyanite above, no excess silica) MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE Inhalation hazard(s) — Causes lung irritation, chest pain, difficult breathing and coughing. Nausea, stomach irritation, vomiting and minor irritation to skin. May cause abrasive damage to outer eye surface. Revised: new format (formulas & ingredients changed) Page 6 of II Tox no. 184311 Last Reviewed (C2 Status): 13/ Aug/ 2009 Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components (continued) NITRILE RUBBER Inhalation hazard(s) - Gases and fumes from thermal processing or decomposition of this product may cause irritation of respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. Other hazard(s) — May cause eye irritation if material is introduced into the eye. Eyes may feel scratchy, become red, and tear. PETROLEUM COKE Inhalation hazard(s) —- Overexposure to dust may result in chronic bronchitis. Other hazard{s) — Dust may be abrasive and irritating to eyes. PHENOLIC RESIN — CURED Inhalation hazards — Dust may cause irritation of nasal and respiratory tracts. Product is fully cured, so formalin vapor should not be present. If formaldehyde is present, inhalation may cause a form of nasal cancer. Prolonged exposure can cause irritation, redness, tearing of the eyes, and may lead to sensitization of the skin and dermatitis. POLYESTER PLASTICIZER Inhalation hazards — May be abrasive to skin and eyes Note: The potassium titanates used here are of the non-acicular forms. RUBBER (POWDERED) Inhalation hazards — May cause mild irritation of the respiratory tract. Repeated and prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to a benign pneumoconiosis. This condition may cause some lung function impairment, but is reversible with reduced exposure. Eyes — may cause mild transient eye irritation SILICON CARBIDE Inhalation hazards — May cause coughing/shortness of breath. Abrasive to skin STEEL FIBER Inhalation hazards — Acute: Metal fume fever with symptoms of chills, fever, cough, muscle aches, and difficulty in breathing from manganese; silicon can cause respiratory tract irritation; copper can cause irritation of eyes, nose, throat and lungs with a possibility of metal fume fever, chills, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough, and metallic taste. Chronic: Repeated exposure to iron over time may cause lung changes and benign pneumoconiosis; cumulative central nervous system and lung damage may occur with manganese as well as insomnia, and malaise; may cause irritation of the lungs and discoloration of the skin and hair. May cause mechanical damage to skin and eyes TIN Inhalation hazards — Acute and Chronic - When inhaled as dust or fume, tin leads to a benign pneumoconiosis without symptoms of interference with pulmonary functions. May irritate stomach lining if ingested Dust may irritate eyes. Revised: new format (formulas & ingredients changed) Page 7 of II Tox no. 184311 Last Reviewed (C2 Status): 13/ Aug/ 2009 Symptoms and Effects of Exposure to Selected Individual Components (continued) TIN SULFIDE Inhalation hazards — May cause minor skin irritation ZINC, ZINC OXIDE Inhalation hazard(s) — Exposure to zinc oxide can cause a flu-like illness called metal fume fever, with symptoms of metallic taste in the mouth, headaches, cough, shortness of breath, aches and chills, upset stomach and chest pain. Other hazard{s) — Zinc oxide may be absorbed through the skin to produce the above symptoms. Repeated high exposure may cause ulcer symptoms and affect liver function. ZINC SULFIDE Inhalation hazards — May be irritating to mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. May irritate stomach lining if ingested ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS Inhalation hazards — Avoid inhalation of zirconium-containing aerosols, which can cause lung granulomas. Most zirconium compounds in common use are insoluble and are considered inert. Can cause damage to outer eye surface.

2.3 Other hazards

POTASSIUM TITANATE (non respirable fibers) Inhalation hazards — May cause irritation of respiratory system. May contain naturally occurring trace amounts of naturally occurring crystalline silica. TITANIUM DIOXIDE (non fibrous only) Inhalation hazard(s) — May cause irritation of the respiratory system. Extreme exposures have been reported to lead to granulomatous lesions. Other hazard(s) — Causes irritation to the eyes and skin. Considered a potential occupational carcinogen by NIOSH, but the IARC considers titanium dioxide to be Group 3, unclassifiable. VERMICULITE Thin amber flakes that are odorless. Long-term exposure to a respirable airborne concentration exceeding the TLV may lead to pneumoconiosis, but usually no functional lung impairment. The symptoms most frequently reported are chronic cough and dyspnea. May contain naturally occurring trace amounts of crystalline silica. WOLLASTONITE (a non-metallic mineral powder, white in color with a faint odor.) Inhalation hazards — long-term cumulative inhalation of high concentrations may cause restriction of the large airways.